<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Articles JournalTitle="Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research">
  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research</JournalTitle>
      <Issn>2345-5489</Issn>
      <Volume>5</Volume>
      <Issue>2</Issue>
      <PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
        <Year>2018</Year>
        <Month>06</Month>
        <Day>15</Day>
      </PubDate>
    </Journal>
    <title locale="en_US">Oral and dental complications caused by methamphetamine use: A Review</title>
    <FirstPage>61</FirstPage>
    <LastPage>66</LastPage>
    <Language>EN</Language>
    <AuthorList>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Reza</FirstName>
        <LastName>Yazdani</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran.</affiliation>
      </Author>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Hossein</FirstName>
        <LastName>Hessari</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran.</affiliation>
      </Author>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Saeed</FirstName>
        <LastName>Rahmani</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">Private Practice.</affiliation>
      </Author>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Mohammad Javad</FirstName>
        <LastName>Kharazi Fard</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran.</affiliation>
      </Author>
    </AuthorList>
    <History>
      <PubDate PubStatus="received">
        <Year>2018</Year>
        <Month>03</Month>
        <Day>18</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <PubDate PubStatus="accepted">
        <Year>2018</Year>
        <Month>06</Month>
        <Day>09</Day>
      </PubDate>
    </History>
    <abstract locale="en_US">Background and Objectives: Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug with stimulatory effects on the central&#xA0; nervous system. It also negatively affects the oral and dental health. This narrative review aims to review the oral and dental complications caused by methamphetamine use. 
Materials and Methods: In this narrative review, an electronic search of the literature was carried out in&#xA0; Google Scholar, PubMed and SID databases for original articles published from 2000 to 2017 using the keywords &#x201C;meth&#x201D;, &#x201C;mouth&#x201D;, &#x201C;methamphetamine&#x201D;, &#x201C;dental caries&#x201D;, &#x201C;oral health&#x201D; and &#x201C;dental problem&#x201D;. 
Results: The most prevalent complications caused by methamphetamine use were xerostomia (94%), bad taste&#xA0; in the mouth (91%), extensive caries (89%), facial muscle stiffness (73%), dental esthetic problems (68%) and increased acidity of the saliva (68%). Temporomandibular joint problem had the lowest prevalence (13%). 
Conclusion: Long-term methamphetamine use causes adverse oral and dental changes. By having adequate knowledge about the prevalence and physiopathology of these complications, clinicians can promote oral and&#xA0; dental health and decrease treatment costs.</abstract>
    <web_url>https://jcr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jcr/article/view/205</web_url>
    <pdf_url>https://jcr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jcr/article/download/205/226</pdf_url>
  </Article>
</Articles>
