Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research 2345-5489 3 1 2015 03 15 151 156 EN Maryam Sohrabi Craniomaxillofacial Research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Hassani Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department ,School of Dentistry, Tehran Azad Medical University. Abbas Karimi Craniomaxillofacial research center, Tehran University of medical sciences department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Tehran University of medical sciences. Mehrnoosh Momeni Craniomaxillofacial Research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, School of Dentistry,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Naghmeh Bahrami Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Craniomaxillofacial Research center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences ,Tehran, Iran. Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2016 09 15 2016 09 15 Introduction: Use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) is a suggested hypothesis to enhance the regeneration of bone defects. This technique is of particular interest since ADSCs are more easily accessible via a non-invasive harvesting technique compared to bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). This study sought to assess the efficacy of ADSC implantation for regeneration of localized mandibular bone defects. Materials and Methods: Eight patients (six females and two males) between 18 and 28 years with indication for extraction of all four third molars were enrolled in this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. A total of 16mandibular bone defectswere divided into two groups of experimental and control. Cell-containing and cell-free scaffolds were used in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Size of bone defects and percentage of the newly formed bone were assessedi mmediately after surgery and at two, four and six months post-operatively. Results: No statistically significant difference was foundin bone regeneration between the two groups at the afore-mentioned time points. However, at all time points in both sides (with and without ADSCs), bone regeneration significantly increased over time (P<0.000). Conclusion: The efficacy of ADSC-containing scaffold was similar to that of cell-free scaffold for enhancing the regeneration of bone defects. Further investigations are required to assess the efficacy of stem cells of different origins in combination with different scaffolds in this regard. Key words: Stem cells, Bone defects, Mandible, Adipose-derived stem cells. https://jcr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jcr/article/view/69 https://jcr.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jcr/article/download/69/121