Ultrasound-guided FNA efficiency in diagnosing of metastatic nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review
Abstract
Oral cancer comprises a group of neoplasms affecting any fields of the oral cavity, pharyngeal regions and salivary glands. However, this term tends to be used interchangeably with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which represents the most common of all oral neoplasms. It is estimated that more than 90% of all oral neoplasms are OSCC. Oral SCC prefers to spread through the lymphatic system than the bloodstream, and in this region tongue tumors have the greatest potential for neck metastases. Primary tumor’s histopathologic features like depth of invasion, thickness, growth pattern, differentiation, lymphovascular or vascular invasion have a limited prognostic value for nodal disease. Cervical lymph node status accurate assessment in HNSCC patients is critical issue because of its influences on prognosis and treatment decisions, USgFNAC proved widely accepted not only because of safety and availability in diagnosis but also it is repeatable, minimally invasive and cost-effectiveness. Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma; Hhead and neck cancer; Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology; Ultrasound; Sentinel lymph node biopsy.
1. Markopoulos AK. Current aspects on oral squamous cell carcinoma. The open dentistry journal. 2012;6:126.
2. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal AJCacjfc. Cancer statistics, 2014. 2014;64(1):9-29.
3. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DMJIjoc. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. 2010;127(12):2893-917.
4. Chua ML, Wee JT, Hui EP, Chan ATJTL. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 2016;387(10022):1012-24.
5. Reyes-Gibby CC, Anderson KO, Merriman KW, Todd KH, Shete SS, Hanna EYJTJoP. Survival patterns in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: pain as an independent prognostic factor for survival. 2014;15(10):1015-22.
6. Massey C, Dharmarajan A, Bannuru RR, Rebeiz E. Management of N0 neck in early oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. The Laryngoscope. 2019;129(8):E284-E98.
7. Peltenburg B, de Keizer B, Dankbaar JW, de Boer M, Willems SM, Philippens ME, et al. Prediction of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology results by FDG PET-CT for lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Acta Oncologica. 2018;57(12):1687-92.
8. Montero PH, Patel SGJSOC. Cancer of the oral cavity. 2015;24(3):491-508.
9. Rodrigo JP, Grilli G, Shah JP, Medina JE, Robbins KT, Takes RP, et al. Selective neck dissection in surgically treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with a clinically positive neck: Systematic review. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2018;44(4):395-403.
10. Gubhaju M, Bajracharya A. 331P The role of ultrasound and ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology in detection and management of neck node metastases in clinically N0 patients with carcinoma of upper aero-digestive tract in remote part of underdeveloped country. Annals of Oncology. 2018;29(suppl_9):mdy438. 025.
11. Johnson JT, Barnes EL, Myers EN, Schramm VL, Borochovitz D, Sigler BA. The extracapsular spread of tumors in cervical node metastasis. Archives of Otolaryngology. 1981;107(12):725-9.
12. Aygun C, Salazar OM, Sewchand W, Amornmarn R, Prempree T. Carcinoma of the floor of the mouth: a 20-year experience. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1984;10(5):619-26.
13. Moreno-García CJPAR. Elective neck dissection in early oral squamous cell carcinoma: Necessary. 2016;3:167-74.
14. Golusinski P, Di Maio P, Pehlivan B, Colley S, Nankivell P, Kong A, et al. Evidence for the approach to the diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma occult primary tumors of the head and neck. Oral oncology. 2019;88:145-52.
15. Bradley PJ, Ferlito A, Silver CE, Takes RP, Woolgar JA, Strojan P, et al. Neck treatment and shoulder morbidity: still a challenge. 2011;33(7):1060-7.
16. Popovski V, Benedetti A, Popovic-Monevska D, Grcev A, Stamatoski A, Zhivadinovik J. Spinal accessory nerve preservation in modified neck dissections: surgical and functional outcomes. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 2017;37(5):368.
17. Dabirmoghaddam P, Sharifkashany S, Mashali LJIJoR. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the assessment of cervical metastasis in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. 2014;11(3).
18. De Bondt R, Nelemans P, Hofman P, Casselman J, Kremer B, van Engelshoven J, et al. Detection of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis comparing US, USgFNAC, CT and MR imaging. 2007;64(2):266-72.
19. Liao L-J, Lo W-C, Hsu W-L, Wang C-T, Lai M-SJBc. Detection of cervical lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer patients with clinically N0 neck—a meta-analysis comparing different imaging modalities. 2012;12(1):236.
20. Huang SHJMo, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. Oral cancer: Current role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2013;18(2):e233.
21. Thompson C, John MS, Lawson G, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Mendelsohn A. Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2013;270(7):2115-22.
22. Mehta V, Nathan CA. What is the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early‐stage oral cavity carcinoma? Laryngoscope. 2016;126(1):9-10.
23. Liu YY, Rozen WM, Rahdon RJAr. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the extremities: case report and review of the literature. 2011;31(4):1443-6.
24. Ross GL, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, Shoaib T, Camilleri I, Roberton AG, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: preliminary results of a multicenter trial. 2004;11(7):690-6.
25. Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MA, Takes RP, Rovers MMJOo. Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. 2013;49(8):726-32.
26. Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Arya S, Rangarajan V, Kane SV, Nair D, et al. Prospective study of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology and sentinel node biopsy in the staging of clinically negative T1 and T2 oral cancer. 2015;37(10):1504-8.
27. Amersi F, Morton DLJAis. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of melanoma. 2007;41:241-56.
28. Mashkevich G, Wang J, Rawnsley J, Keller GS. The utility of ultrasound in the evaluation of submental fullness in aging necks. Archives of facial plastic surgery. 2009;11(4):240-5.
29. McKenna J, Friesen JR, Sowa MG, Hayakawa T, Kerr PD, Pabbies A. Assessing flap perfusion: optical spectroscopy versus venous doppler ultrasonography. Journal of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2009;38(5).
30. Wakasugi-Sato N, Kodama M, Matsuo K, Yamamoto N, Oda M, Ishikawa A, et al. Advanced clinical usefulness of ultrasonography for diseases in oral and maxillofacial regions. International journal of dentistry. 2010;2010.
31. Metha SS, Mhapuskar AA, Marathe SP, Metha SS, Jadhav S, Thakare SD, et al. Assessment of efficacy of ultrasonography in cervical lymphadenopathy in oral malignancies. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2019;8(2):544.
32. Hodder S, Evans R, Patton D, Silvester KJBjoo, surgery m. Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology in the staging of neck lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 2000;38(5):430-6.
33. Thomsen JB, Sørensen JA, Grupe P, Karstoft J, Krogdahl AJAR. Staging N0 oral cancer: lymphoscintigraphy and conventional imaging. 2005;46(5):492-6.
34. Knappe M, Louw M, Gregor RTJAoOH, Surgery N. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the assessment of cervical metastases. 2000;126(9):1091-6.
35. Akoğlu E, Dutipek M, Bekiş R, Değirmenci B, Ada E, Güneri AJJoo. Assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis with different imaging methods in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 2005;34(6).
36. Eskander A, Monteiro E, O’Connell D, Taylor SM. Head and Neck Surgical Oncology Choosing Wisely Campaign: imaging for patients with hoarseness, fine needle aspiration for neck mass, and ultrasound for odynophagia. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. 2018;47(1):2.
37. Dean DS, Gharib H. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland. Endotext [Internet]: MDText. com, Inc.; 2015.
38. Akkina SR, Kim RY, Stucken CL, Pynnonen MA, Bradford CR. The current practice of open neck mass biopsy in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology. 2019;4(1):57-61.
39. Haynes J, Arnold KR, Aguirre-Oskins C, Chandra S. Evaluation of neck masses in adults. American family physician. 2015;91(10).
40. Rizzo G, Black M, Mymryk J, Barrett J, Nichols A. Defining the genomic landscape of head and neck cancers through next‐generation sequencing. Oral diseases. 2015;21(1):e11-e24.
41. Jiang P, Wang J, Ran W, Jiang Y, Tian S, Sun H. Five-year outcome of ultrasound-guided interstitial permanent 125I seeds implantation for local head and neck recurrent tumors: a single center retrospective study. Journal of contemporary brachytherapy. 2019;11(1):28.
42. Brouwer J, de Bree R, Comans EF, Castelijns JA, Hoekstra OS, Leemans CR. Positron emission tomography using [18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in the clinically negative neck: is it likely to be superior? European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck. 2004;261(9):479-83.
43. Schmidt RL, Jedrzkiewicz JD, Allred RJ, Matsuoka S, Witt BLJH, neck. Verification bias in diagnostic accuracy studies for fine‐and core needle biopsy of salivary gland lesions in otolaryngology journals: A systematic review and analysis. 2014;36(11):1654-61.
44. Mangal N, Sharma VK, Verma N, Agarwal AK, Sharma SP, Aneja SJJoCIAoC. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses: A study of 85 cases. 2009;26(3):97.
45. Ahuja AT, Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2005;184(5):1691-9.
46. Van den Brekel M, Castelijns J, Stel H, Golding R, Meyer C, Snow GJEaoo-r-l. Modern imaging techniques and ultrasound-guided aspiration cytology for the assessment of neck node metastases: a prospective comparative study. 1993;250(1):11-7.
47. Takes RP, Righi P, Meeuwis CA, Manni JJ, Paul Knegt M, Marres HA, et al. The value of ultrasound with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy compared to computed tomography in the detection of regional metastases in the clinically negative neck. 1998;40(5):1027-32.
48. Borgemeester MC, van den Brekel MW, van Tinteren H, Smeele LE, Pameijer FA, van Velthuysen MLF, et al. Ultrasound‐guided aspiration cytology for the assessment of the clinically N0 neck: Factors influencing its accuracy. 2008;30(11):1505-13.
49. Righi PD, Kopecky KK, Caldemeyer KS, Ball VA, Weisberger EC, Radpour SJH, et al. Comparison of ultrasound‐fine needle aspiration and computed tomography in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. 1997;19(7):604-10.
50. Silas O, Ige O, Adoga A, Nimkur L, Ajetunmobi OJJoo, rhinology. Role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a diagnostic tool in paediatric head and neck lymphodenopathy. 2015;4(1).
51. Krane JF. Role of cytology in the diagnosis and management of HPV-associated head and neck carcinoma. Acta cytologica. 2013;57(2):117-26.
52. Gupta A, Ly S, Castroneves LA, Frates MC, Benson CB, Feldman HA, et al. A standardized assessment of thyroid nodules in children confirms higher cancer prevalence than in adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(8):3238-45.
53. Sergi C, Dhiman A, Gray J-AJD. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Neck Masses in Childhood. An Illustrative Approach. 2018;8(2):28.
2. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal AJCacjfc. Cancer statistics, 2014. 2014;64(1):9-29.
3. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DMJIjoc. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. 2010;127(12):2893-917.
4. Chua ML, Wee JT, Hui EP, Chan ATJTL. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 2016;387(10022):1012-24.
5. Reyes-Gibby CC, Anderson KO, Merriman KW, Todd KH, Shete SS, Hanna EYJTJoP. Survival patterns in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: pain as an independent prognostic factor for survival. 2014;15(10):1015-22.
6. Massey C, Dharmarajan A, Bannuru RR, Rebeiz E. Management of N0 neck in early oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. The Laryngoscope. 2019;129(8):E284-E98.
7. Peltenburg B, de Keizer B, Dankbaar JW, de Boer M, Willems SM, Philippens ME, et al. Prediction of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology results by FDG PET-CT for lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Acta Oncologica. 2018;57(12):1687-92.
8. Montero PH, Patel SGJSOC. Cancer of the oral cavity. 2015;24(3):491-508.
9. Rodrigo JP, Grilli G, Shah JP, Medina JE, Robbins KT, Takes RP, et al. Selective neck dissection in surgically treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with a clinically positive neck: Systematic review. European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2018;44(4):395-403.
10. Gubhaju M, Bajracharya A. 331P The role of ultrasound and ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology in detection and management of neck node metastases in clinically N0 patients with carcinoma of upper aero-digestive tract in remote part of underdeveloped country. Annals of Oncology. 2018;29(suppl_9):mdy438. 025.
11. Johnson JT, Barnes EL, Myers EN, Schramm VL, Borochovitz D, Sigler BA. The extracapsular spread of tumors in cervical node metastasis. Archives of Otolaryngology. 1981;107(12):725-9.
12. Aygun C, Salazar OM, Sewchand W, Amornmarn R, Prempree T. Carcinoma of the floor of the mouth: a 20-year experience. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1984;10(5):619-26.
13. Moreno-García CJPAR. Elective neck dissection in early oral squamous cell carcinoma: Necessary. 2016;3:167-74.
14. Golusinski P, Di Maio P, Pehlivan B, Colley S, Nankivell P, Kong A, et al. Evidence for the approach to the diagnostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma occult primary tumors of the head and neck. Oral oncology. 2019;88:145-52.
15. Bradley PJ, Ferlito A, Silver CE, Takes RP, Woolgar JA, Strojan P, et al. Neck treatment and shoulder morbidity: still a challenge. 2011;33(7):1060-7.
16. Popovski V, Benedetti A, Popovic-Monevska D, Grcev A, Stamatoski A, Zhivadinovik J. Spinal accessory nerve preservation in modified neck dissections: surgical and functional outcomes. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 2017;37(5):368.
17. Dabirmoghaddam P, Sharifkashany S, Mashali LJIJoR. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the assessment of cervical metastasis in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. 2014;11(3).
18. De Bondt R, Nelemans P, Hofman P, Casselman J, Kremer B, van Engelshoven J, et al. Detection of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis comparing US, USgFNAC, CT and MR imaging. 2007;64(2):266-72.
19. Liao L-J, Lo W-C, Hsu W-L, Wang C-T, Lai M-SJBc. Detection of cervical lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer patients with clinically N0 neck—a meta-analysis comparing different imaging modalities. 2012;12(1):236.
20. Huang SHJMo, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. Oral cancer: Current role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2013;18(2):e233.
21. Thompson C, John MS, Lawson G, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Mendelsohn A. Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2013;270(7):2115-22.
22. Mehta V, Nathan CA. What is the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early‐stage oral cavity carcinoma? Laryngoscope. 2016;126(1):9-10.
23. Liu YY, Rozen WM, Rahdon RJAr. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the extremities: case report and review of the literature. 2011;31(4):1443-6.
24. Ross GL, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, Shoaib T, Camilleri I, Roberton AG, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: preliminary results of a multicenter trial. 2004;11(7):690-6.
25. Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MA, Takes RP, Rovers MMJOo. Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. 2013;49(8):726-32.
26. Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Arya S, Rangarajan V, Kane SV, Nair D, et al. Prospective study of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology and sentinel node biopsy in the staging of clinically negative T1 and T2 oral cancer. 2015;37(10):1504-8.
27. Amersi F, Morton DLJAis. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of melanoma. 2007;41:241-56.
28. Mashkevich G, Wang J, Rawnsley J, Keller GS. The utility of ultrasound in the evaluation of submental fullness in aging necks. Archives of facial plastic surgery. 2009;11(4):240-5.
29. McKenna J, Friesen JR, Sowa MG, Hayakawa T, Kerr PD, Pabbies A. Assessing flap perfusion: optical spectroscopy versus venous doppler ultrasonography. Journal of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2009;38(5).
30. Wakasugi-Sato N, Kodama M, Matsuo K, Yamamoto N, Oda M, Ishikawa A, et al. Advanced clinical usefulness of ultrasonography for diseases in oral and maxillofacial regions. International journal of dentistry. 2010;2010.
31. Metha SS, Mhapuskar AA, Marathe SP, Metha SS, Jadhav S, Thakare SD, et al. Assessment of efficacy of ultrasonography in cervical lymphadenopathy in oral malignancies. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2019;8(2):544.
32. Hodder S, Evans R, Patton D, Silvester KJBjoo, surgery m. Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology in the staging of neck lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 2000;38(5):430-6.
33. Thomsen JB, Sørensen JA, Grupe P, Karstoft J, Krogdahl AJAR. Staging N0 oral cancer: lymphoscintigraphy and conventional imaging. 2005;46(5):492-6.
34. Knappe M, Louw M, Gregor RTJAoOH, Surgery N. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the assessment of cervical metastases. 2000;126(9):1091-6.
35. Akoğlu E, Dutipek M, Bekiş R, Değirmenci B, Ada E, Güneri AJJoo. Assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis with different imaging methods in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 2005;34(6).
36. Eskander A, Monteiro E, O’Connell D, Taylor SM. Head and Neck Surgical Oncology Choosing Wisely Campaign: imaging for patients with hoarseness, fine needle aspiration for neck mass, and ultrasound for odynophagia. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. 2018;47(1):2.
37. Dean DS, Gharib H. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid gland. Endotext [Internet]: MDText. com, Inc.; 2015.
38. Akkina SR, Kim RY, Stucken CL, Pynnonen MA, Bradford CR. The current practice of open neck mass biopsy in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology. 2019;4(1):57-61.
39. Haynes J, Arnold KR, Aguirre-Oskins C, Chandra S. Evaluation of neck masses in adults. American family physician. 2015;91(10).
40. Rizzo G, Black M, Mymryk J, Barrett J, Nichols A. Defining the genomic landscape of head and neck cancers through next‐generation sequencing. Oral diseases. 2015;21(1):e11-e24.
41. Jiang P, Wang J, Ran W, Jiang Y, Tian S, Sun H. Five-year outcome of ultrasound-guided interstitial permanent 125I seeds implantation for local head and neck recurrent tumors: a single center retrospective study. Journal of contemporary brachytherapy. 2019;11(1):28.
42. Brouwer J, de Bree R, Comans EF, Castelijns JA, Hoekstra OS, Leemans CR. Positron emission tomography using [18 F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in the clinically negative neck: is it likely to be superior? European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck. 2004;261(9):479-83.
43. Schmidt RL, Jedrzkiewicz JD, Allred RJ, Matsuoka S, Witt BLJH, neck. Verification bias in diagnostic accuracy studies for fine‐and core needle biopsy of salivary gland lesions in otolaryngology journals: A systematic review and analysis. 2014;36(11):1654-61.
44. Mangal N, Sharma VK, Verma N, Agarwal AK, Sharma SP, Aneja SJJoCIAoC. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses: A study of 85 cases. 2009;26(3):97.
45. Ahuja AT, Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2005;184(5):1691-9.
46. Van den Brekel M, Castelijns J, Stel H, Golding R, Meyer C, Snow GJEaoo-r-l. Modern imaging techniques and ultrasound-guided aspiration cytology for the assessment of neck node metastases: a prospective comparative study. 1993;250(1):11-7.
47. Takes RP, Righi P, Meeuwis CA, Manni JJ, Paul Knegt M, Marres HA, et al. The value of ultrasound with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy compared to computed tomography in the detection of regional metastases in the clinically negative neck. 1998;40(5):1027-32.
48. Borgemeester MC, van den Brekel MW, van Tinteren H, Smeele LE, Pameijer FA, van Velthuysen MLF, et al. Ultrasound‐guided aspiration cytology for the assessment of the clinically N0 neck: Factors influencing its accuracy. 2008;30(11):1505-13.
49. Righi PD, Kopecky KK, Caldemeyer KS, Ball VA, Weisberger EC, Radpour SJH, et al. Comparison of ultrasound‐fine needle aspiration and computed tomography in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. 1997;19(7):604-10.
50. Silas O, Ige O, Adoga A, Nimkur L, Ajetunmobi OJJoo, rhinology. Role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a diagnostic tool in paediatric head and neck lymphodenopathy. 2015;4(1).
51. Krane JF. Role of cytology in the diagnosis and management of HPV-associated head and neck carcinoma. Acta cytologica. 2013;57(2):117-26.
52. Gupta A, Ly S, Castroneves LA, Frates MC, Benson CB, Feldman HA, et al. A standardized assessment of thyroid nodules in children confirms higher cancer prevalence than in adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(8):3238-45.
53. Sergi C, Dhiman A, Gray J-AJD. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Neck Masses in Childhood. An Illustrative Approach. 2018;8(2):28.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8, No 2 (Spring 2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v8i2.7641 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma; Hhead and neck cancer; Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology; Ultrasound; Sentinel lymph node biopsy. | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Rafieyan S, Kananizadeh Y, Reyhani E. Ultrasound-guided FNA efficiency in diagnosing of metastatic nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2021;8(2):44-50.
