On recommended mouthwashes during COVID-19 pandemic: A review
Abstract
Aim and Objective: One of the challenges we are currently facing is the COVID-19 pandemic. With its rapid spread around the world, it has become an unprecedented major health, human, and financial crisis. The saliva of COVID-19 patients contains the virus that can be transmitted. Various studies have shown the effect of mouthwashes in reducing the rate of transmission of the virus and, consequently, reducing the likelihood of infection. Therefore, we considered it important to examine the effect of using different mouthwashes by studying the existing data and articles. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by the review method. The keywords “coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, mouthwash, hydrogen Peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, cetylpyridinium chloride” were searched in articles and protocols in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Dimensions. The searched articles were submitted from January 2019 to April 2021. Only the articles in English were studied. Results: Among 23 reviewed studies, there were 15 review study, 4 in vitro study, two clinical trial, one letter to the editor in chief, and two studies that are, in fact, instructions of Australian and American dental community. 4 studies were published in 2021, 18 articles in 2020, and 1 article in 2019. By investigating 16 reports, Povidone-Iodine mouth wash was the most effective mouthwash ever mentioned. Hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse with nine mentions, chlorohexidine with seven mentions, cetylpyridinium chloride with four mentions, Essential oils with three mentions, and mouth rinses contains Citrox and beta-cyclodextrin, and Methylene blue with one mention was ranked next. Generally, most of the studies have recommended mouth rinses use in patients in dental clinics (or other recipients of health care services). They have emphasized their effectiveness in reducing the viral load in saliva and oral secretions. Conclusion: The results of the review showed that povidone-iodine mouthwash and hydrogen peroxide mouthwash can be the first and the second candidates to reduce viral load and, consequently, reduce disease transmission. However, more clinical studies are needed to confirm the results. Keywords: Covid-19; Coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; Mouthwash; Mouth rinse; Hydrogen peroxide; Chlorhexidine; Povidone-iodine; Cetylpyridinium chloride.
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8. IMRAN, Eisha, et al. Dental Practitioners’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practices for Mouthwash Use 10- Thomas G (Oct 2002). "Furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 (10): 753–66. doi:10.1038/nrm934.
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10. Shiryaev SA, Remacle AG, Ratnikov BI, Nelson NA, Savinov AY, Wei G, Bottini M, Rega MF, Parent A, Desjardins R, Fugere M, Day R, Sabet M, Pellecchia M, Liddington RC, Smith JW, Mustelin T, Guiney DG, Lebl M, Strongin AY (Jul 2007). "Targeting host cell furin proprotein convertases as a therapeutic strategy against bacterial toxins and viral pathogens". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (29): 20847–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M703847200. PMID 17537721. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M703847200
11. Rocca JAr What is the most effective mouthwash in patients infected with covid-19 to minimize possible transmission by saliva? Update. J Dent Maxillofacial Res. 2020;3(1):1-5.
12. Mallapaty S. Why does the coronavirus spread so easily between people? Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):183. Doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-00660-x. PMID: 32157230. • DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-00660-x
13. Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020;7:4. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
14. Vinayachandran D, Saravanakarthikeyan B. Salivary diagnostics in COVID-19: Future research implications. J Dent Sci. 2020;15:364-366. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.04.006
15. Guan, W.J.; Zhong, N.S. Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in China. Reply. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382,1861–1862. • DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2005203
16. Lovato, A.; de Filippis, C. Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: A Systematic Review Focusing on Upper Airway Symptoms. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020, 0145561320920762. DOI: 10.1177/0145561320920762
17. To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva [published online ahead of print Feb 12, 2020]. Clin Infect Dis 2020. • DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa149
18. Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, et al. Periodontal pockets: a potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypoth 2020;143:109907. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109907
19. Harrel SK, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:429-37. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0207
20. Cavalcante-Leão BL, de Araujo CM, Basso IB, Schroder AGD, GuarizaFilho O, Ravazzi GC, Gonçalves FM, Zeigelboim BS, Santos RS, Stechman-Neto J. Is there scientific evidence of the mouthwashes effectiveness in reducing viral load in Covid-19? A systematic review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2021;13(2):e179-89. doi: 10.4317/jced.57406
21. OLIVEIRA, Mirlany Mendes Maciel, et al. COVID-19-Mouthwash in dental clinical practice. ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION, 2021, 10.1: 6-10. DOI:10.21270/archi.v10i1.5283
22. Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99:481-87. doi: 10.1177/0022034520932149.
23. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12:9.
24. Carrouel F, Conte MP, Fisher J, Gonçalves LS, Dussart C, Llodra JC, et al. COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with beta-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1126. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041126
25. GURURAJ ARAKERI, Vishal Rao US. Methylene blue as an anti-COVID-19 mouthwash in dental practice. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021, 59.1: 135. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.09.018
26.Turkistani KA. Precautions and recommendations for orthodontic settings during the COVID-19 outbreak: A review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop AM J ORTHOD DENTOFAC. 2020 May 13. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.04.016
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8, No 3 (Summer 2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v8i3.8836 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Covid-19 Coronavirus; 2019-nCoV Mouthwash Mouth rinse Hydrogen peroxide Chlorhexidine Povidone-iodine Cetylpyridinium chloride | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mirhashemi SA, Bahrami R. On recommended mouthwashes during COVID-19 pandemic: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2022;8(3):101-115.
