Evaluation of the temporomandibular disorders after orthognathic surgeries: A review
,
Abstract
Objective: Maxillofacial Orthognathic surgery is performed to repair or correct the skeletal anomalies of the jaw and its associated dental and facial structures. There is a conflict on whether orthognathic surgery has a negative or positive effect on temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aim of this study is to review the disorders of the temporomandibular joint after orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods: Data for this review was obtained from the articles published between 2010-2020 via PubMed, Google scholar, Web of Sciences, and Scopus engines. The content keywords matched those used in PubMed and Mesh engines. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria; 27 articles were included. Results: Most of the selected articles were retrospective reviews and performed on class II and class III patients. Ages ranged from 19- 47 years. Pain reduction was reported in 11 studies, while 8 studies reported a click reduction post orthognathic operation. In 2 studies, decreased joint noises was reported after orthognathic operation, and 7 articles reported a decrease in maximum mouth opening. Three studies reported a Bilateral Sagittal split Osteotomy (BSSO) and in one study, reduced and improved symptoms after Le Fort I + (BSSO) were reported. One study exhibited that BSSO orthognathic surgery is less predictable in reducing TMD symptoms in retrognathic patients. Three articles showed that orthognathic patients with TMJ click have a high predictive value.Conclusion: To accomplish accurate results regarding temporomandibular joint disorders post orthognathic surgery; a larger number of subjects and clinical trial studies are required, as well as extended long term follow-up.
1.Te Veldhuis E, Te Veldhuis A, Bramer W, Wolvius E, Koudstaal M. The effect of orthognathic surgery on the temporomandibular joint and oral function: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 46 (5): 554-63.
2.Al-Zubair NM. Dental arch asymmetry. Eur J Dent. 2014; 8 (2): 224-28.
3.Janson GR, Metaxas A, Woodside DG, de Freitas MR, Pinzan A. Three-dimensional evaluation of skeletal and dental asymmetries in Class II subdivision malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 119 (4): 406-18.
4.Nie Q, Lin J. [Analysis and comparison of dental arch symmetry between different Angle's malocclusion categories and normal occlusion]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000; 35 (2): 105-7.
5.Freihofer HP. Surgical treatment of the short face syndrome. J Oral Surg. 1981; 39 (11): 907-11.
6.Bansal AK, Sharma M, Kumar P, Nehra K, Kumar S. Long face syndrome: a literature review. J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther. 2015; 2 (6): 210-13.
7.Thaller S. Introduction to orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2007; 18 (4): 715-17.
8.Sarver DM, Proffit WR, Ackerman J. Diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics. Orthodontics, current principles and techniques 3rd ed St Louis: Mosby. 2000; 27: 128.
9.Mina K, Paniz A, Farnoosh R, Keyhan S. Temporomandibular joint disorder therapy: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2020; 7 (3): 110-25.
10.Rutkiewicz T, Könönen M, Suominen-Taipale L, Nordblad A, Alanen P. Occurrence of Clinical Signs of Temporomandibular Disorders in Adult Finns. J Orofac Pain. 2006; 20 (3): 208-17.
11.Malik P, Rathee M, Sehrawat R. Temporomandibular disorders and their management. Am J Health Res. 2015; 3 (3-2): 1-5.
12.Buescher JJ. Temporomandibular joint disorders. American family physician. 2007; 76 (10): 1477-82.
13.Westermark A, Shayeghi F, Thor A. Temporomandibular dysfunction in 1,516 patients before and after orthognathic surgery. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2001; 16 (2): 145-51.
14.Dervis E, Tuncer E. Long-term evaluations of temporomandibular disorders in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery compared with a control group. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94 (5): 554-60.
15.Kim Y-K, Yun P-Y, Ahn J-Y, Kim J-W, Kim S-G. Changes in the temporomandibular joint disc position after orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 108 (1): 15-21.
16.Antonarakis GS, Kalberer N, Courvoisier DS, Scolozzi P. Clinical predictive factors for temporomandibular disorders following combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment in patients with Class III malocclusion. Cranio. 2017; 35 (6): 397-404.
17.Al-Moraissi EA, Wolford LM, Perez D, Laskin DM, Ellis III E. Does orthognathic surgery cause or cure temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 75 (9): 1835-47.
18.Rani S, Pawah S, Gola S, Bakshi M. Analysis of Helkimo index for temporomandibular disorder diagnosis in the dental students of Faridabad city: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2017; 17 (1): 48-52.
19.Ohrbach R, Turner JA, Sherman JJ, Mancl LA, Truelove EL, Schiffman EL, et al. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: evaluation of psychometric properties of the axis II measures. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24 (1): 48-62.
20.Dujoncquoy J-P, Ferri J, Raoul G, Kleinheinz J. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Head & face medicine. 2010; 6 (1): 27-32.
21.Ramieri G, Piancino MG, Frongia G, Gerbino G, Fontana PA, Debernardi C, et al. Clinical and instrumental evaluation of the temporomandibular joint before and after surgical correction of asymptomatic skeletal class III patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22 (2): 527-31.
22.Togashi M, Kobayashi T, Hasebe D, Funayama A, Mikami T, Saito I, et al. Effects of surgical orthodontic treatment for dentofacial deformities on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol. 2013; 25 (1): 18-23.
23.Scolozzi P, Wandeler PA, Courvoisier DS. Can clinical factors predict postoperative temporomandibular disorders in orthognathic patients? A retrospective study of 219 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015; 119 (5): 531-8.
24.Sebastiani AM, Baratto-Filho F, Bonotto D, Kluppel LE, Rebellato NL, da Costa DJ, et al. Influence of orthognathic surgery for symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016; 121 (2): 119-25.
25.di Paolo C, Pompa G, Arangio P, di Nunno A, Di Carlo S, Rosella D, et al. Evaluation of Temporomandibular Disorders before and after Orthognathic Surgery: Therapeutic Considerations on a Sample of 76 Patients. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2017; 7 (2): 125-29.
26.AlWarawreh AM, AlTamimi ZH, Khraisat HM, Kretschmer W. Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorder Symptoms among Orthognathic Patients in Southern Germany: Retrospective Study. Int J Dent. 2018; 2018: 1-5.
27.Kretschmer W, Baciuţ G, Baciuţ M, Sader R. Effect of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint: a retrospective study of 500 consecutive cases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019; 57 (8): 734-39.
28.Ploder O, Sigron G, Adekunle A, Burger-Krebes L, Haller B, Kolk A. The Effect of Orthognathic Surgery on Temporomandibular Joint Function and Symptoms: What are the Risk Factors? A Longitudinal Analysis of 375 Patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020: 1-13.
29.Kuhlefelt M, Laine P, Thorén H. Bilateral sagittal split surgery is not a predictable treatment for temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with retrognathia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016; 121 (6): 595-601.
30.Hashemi HM, Fakhari S, Avval SK. The effect of mandibular advancement on signs and symptoms of the temporomandibular joint. J Craniomax Res. 2018; 5 (4): 169-73.
31.Kim YK, Kim SG, Kim JH, Yun PY, Oh JS. Temporomandibular joint and psychosocial evaluation of patients after orthognathic surgery: a preliminary study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013; 41 (5): e83-6.
32.Yoon S-Y, Song J-M, Kim Y-D, Chung I-K, Shin S-H. Clinical changes of TMD and condyle stability after two jaw surgery with and without preceding TMD treatments in class III patients. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015; 37 (1): 1-7.
33.Christovam ERP, Boeck EM, Vedovello SAS, Valdrighi HC, Degan VV, Vedovello Filho M. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and patients’ satisfaction before and after orthognathic surgery. Brazi J Oral Sci. 2016: 137-43.
34.Takahara N, Kabasawa Y, Sato M, Tetsumura A, Kurabayashi T, Omura K. MRI changes in the temporomandibular joint following mandibular setback surgery using sagittal split ramus osteotomy with rigid fixation. Cranio. 2017; 35 (1): 38-45.
35.Sefidroodi M, Lobekk OK, Løes S, Schilbred Eriksen E. Temporomandibular joint function 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and six weeks of intermaxillary fixation. J Appl Oral Sci. 2019; 27: 1-7.
36.Silva M, Ferreira AT, Migliorucci RR, Nari Filho H, Berretin-Felix G. Influence of orthodontic-surgical treatment on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in subjects with dentofacial deformities. Rev Soc Bras Fonoaudiol. 2011; 16 (1): 80-4.
37.Abrahamsson C, Henrikson T, Nilner M, Sunzel B, Bondemark L, Ekberg E. TMD before and after correction of dentofacial deformities by orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013; 42 (6): 752-58.
38.Bruguiere F, Sciote JJ, Roland-Billecart T, Raoul G, Machuron F, Ferri J, et al. Pre-operative parafunctional or dysfunctional oral habits are associated with the temporomandibular disorders after orthognathic surgery: An observational cohort study. J Oral Rehabil. 2019; 46 (4): 321-29.
39.Song YLBMMOR, Yap AUBMP. Orthognathic treatment of dentofacial disharmonies: its impact on temporomandibular disorders, quality of life, and psychosocial wellness. Cranio. 2017; 35 (1): 52-57.
40.Nunes de Lima V, Faverani LP, Santiago JF, Jr., Palmieri C, Jr., Magro Filho O, Pellizzer EP. Evaluation of condylar resorption rates after orthognathic surgery in class II and III dentofacial deformities: A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018; 46 (4): 668-73.
41.Jung HD, Jung YS, Park HS. The chronologic prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders associated with bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 67 (4): 797-803.
42.De Clercq CA, Neyt LF, Mommaerts MY, Abeloos JV, De Mot BM. Condylar resorption in orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1994; 9 (3): 233-40.
43.Kerstens HC, Tuinzing DB, van der Kwast WA. Temporomandibular joint symptoms in orthognathic surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1989; 17 (5): 215-8.
44.Mehraban SH, Jamali S, Azizi A, Nasrabadi N. Evaluating the effectiveness of orthognathic surgery on the pre-existing temporomandibular disorders in patients with malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2020; 20: 1-8.
45.Jędrzejewski M, Smektała T, Sporniak-Tutak K, Olszewski R. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative complications in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2015; 19 (5): 969-77.
46.Bermell-Baviera A, Bellot-Arcís C, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Effects of mandibular advancement surgery on the temporomandibular joint and muscular and articular adaptive changes--a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 45 (5): 545-52.
47.Lindenmeyer A, Sutcliffe P, Eghtessad M, Goulden R, Speculand B, Harris M. Oral and maxillofacial surgery and chronic painful temporomandibular disorders--a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68 (11): 2755-64.
48.Mladenović I, Jović N, Čutović T, Mladenović G, Kozomara R. Temporomandibular disorders after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism with depression as a risk factor. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2013; 71 (1): 57-64.
2.Al-Zubair NM. Dental arch asymmetry. Eur J Dent. 2014; 8 (2): 224-28.
3.Janson GR, Metaxas A, Woodside DG, de Freitas MR, Pinzan A. Three-dimensional evaluation of skeletal and dental asymmetries in Class II subdivision malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 119 (4): 406-18.
4.Nie Q, Lin J. [Analysis and comparison of dental arch symmetry between different Angle's malocclusion categories and normal occlusion]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000; 35 (2): 105-7.
5.Freihofer HP. Surgical treatment of the short face syndrome. J Oral Surg. 1981; 39 (11): 907-11.
6.Bansal AK, Sharma M, Kumar P, Nehra K, Kumar S. Long face syndrome: a literature review. J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther. 2015; 2 (6): 210-13.
7.Thaller S. Introduction to orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2007; 18 (4): 715-17.
8.Sarver DM, Proffit WR, Ackerman J. Diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics. Orthodontics, current principles and techniques 3rd ed St Louis: Mosby. 2000; 27: 128.
9.Mina K, Paniz A, Farnoosh R, Keyhan S. Temporomandibular joint disorder therapy: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2020; 7 (3): 110-25.
10.Rutkiewicz T, Könönen M, Suominen-Taipale L, Nordblad A, Alanen P. Occurrence of Clinical Signs of Temporomandibular Disorders in Adult Finns. J Orofac Pain. 2006; 20 (3): 208-17.
11.Malik P, Rathee M, Sehrawat R. Temporomandibular disorders and their management. Am J Health Res. 2015; 3 (3-2): 1-5.
12.Buescher JJ. Temporomandibular joint disorders. American family physician. 2007; 76 (10): 1477-82.
13.Westermark A, Shayeghi F, Thor A. Temporomandibular dysfunction in 1,516 patients before and after orthognathic surgery. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2001; 16 (2): 145-51.
14.Dervis E, Tuncer E. Long-term evaluations of temporomandibular disorders in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery compared with a control group. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002; 94 (5): 554-60.
15.Kim Y-K, Yun P-Y, Ahn J-Y, Kim J-W, Kim S-G. Changes in the temporomandibular joint disc position after orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 108 (1): 15-21.
16.Antonarakis GS, Kalberer N, Courvoisier DS, Scolozzi P. Clinical predictive factors for temporomandibular disorders following combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment in patients with Class III malocclusion. Cranio. 2017; 35 (6): 397-404.
17.Al-Moraissi EA, Wolford LM, Perez D, Laskin DM, Ellis III E. Does orthognathic surgery cause or cure temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017; 75 (9): 1835-47.
18.Rani S, Pawah S, Gola S, Bakshi M. Analysis of Helkimo index for temporomandibular disorder diagnosis in the dental students of Faridabad city: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2017; 17 (1): 48-52.
19.Ohrbach R, Turner JA, Sherman JJ, Mancl LA, Truelove EL, Schiffman EL, et al. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: evaluation of psychometric properties of the axis II measures. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24 (1): 48-62.
20.Dujoncquoy J-P, Ferri J, Raoul G, Kleinheinz J. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Head & face medicine. 2010; 6 (1): 27-32.
21.Ramieri G, Piancino MG, Frongia G, Gerbino G, Fontana PA, Debernardi C, et al. Clinical and instrumental evaluation of the temporomandibular joint before and after surgical correction of asymptomatic skeletal class III patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22 (2): 527-31.
22.Togashi M, Kobayashi T, Hasebe D, Funayama A, Mikami T, Saito I, et al. Effects of surgical orthodontic treatment for dentofacial deformities on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol. 2013; 25 (1): 18-23.
23.Scolozzi P, Wandeler PA, Courvoisier DS. Can clinical factors predict postoperative temporomandibular disorders in orthognathic patients? A retrospective study of 219 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015; 119 (5): 531-8.
24.Sebastiani AM, Baratto-Filho F, Bonotto D, Kluppel LE, Rebellato NL, da Costa DJ, et al. Influence of orthognathic surgery for symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016; 121 (2): 119-25.
25.di Paolo C, Pompa G, Arangio P, di Nunno A, Di Carlo S, Rosella D, et al. Evaluation of Temporomandibular Disorders before and after Orthognathic Surgery: Therapeutic Considerations on a Sample of 76 Patients. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2017; 7 (2): 125-29.
26.AlWarawreh AM, AlTamimi ZH, Khraisat HM, Kretschmer W. Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorder Symptoms among Orthognathic Patients in Southern Germany: Retrospective Study. Int J Dent. 2018; 2018: 1-5.
27.Kretschmer W, Baciuţ G, Baciuţ M, Sader R. Effect of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint: a retrospective study of 500 consecutive cases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019; 57 (8): 734-39.
28.Ploder O, Sigron G, Adekunle A, Burger-Krebes L, Haller B, Kolk A. The Effect of Orthognathic Surgery on Temporomandibular Joint Function and Symptoms: What are the Risk Factors? A Longitudinal Analysis of 375 Patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020: 1-13.
29.Kuhlefelt M, Laine P, Thorén H. Bilateral sagittal split surgery is not a predictable treatment for temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with retrognathia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016; 121 (6): 595-601.
30.Hashemi HM, Fakhari S, Avval SK. The effect of mandibular advancement on signs and symptoms of the temporomandibular joint. J Craniomax Res. 2018; 5 (4): 169-73.
31.Kim YK, Kim SG, Kim JH, Yun PY, Oh JS. Temporomandibular joint and psychosocial evaluation of patients after orthognathic surgery: a preliminary study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2013; 41 (5): e83-6.
32.Yoon S-Y, Song J-M, Kim Y-D, Chung I-K, Shin S-H. Clinical changes of TMD and condyle stability after two jaw surgery with and without preceding TMD treatments in class III patients. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015; 37 (1): 1-7.
33.Christovam ERP, Boeck EM, Vedovello SAS, Valdrighi HC, Degan VV, Vedovello Filho M. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and patients’ satisfaction before and after orthognathic surgery. Brazi J Oral Sci. 2016: 137-43.
34.Takahara N, Kabasawa Y, Sato M, Tetsumura A, Kurabayashi T, Omura K. MRI changes in the temporomandibular joint following mandibular setback surgery using sagittal split ramus osteotomy with rigid fixation. Cranio. 2017; 35 (1): 38-45.
35.Sefidroodi M, Lobekk OK, Løes S, Schilbred Eriksen E. Temporomandibular joint function 10-15 years after mandibular setback surgery and six weeks of intermaxillary fixation. J Appl Oral Sci. 2019; 27: 1-7.
36.Silva M, Ferreira AT, Migliorucci RR, Nari Filho H, Berretin-Felix G. Influence of orthodontic-surgical treatment on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in subjects with dentofacial deformities. Rev Soc Bras Fonoaudiol. 2011; 16 (1): 80-4.
37.Abrahamsson C, Henrikson T, Nilner M, Sunzel B, Bondemark L, Ekberg E. TMD before and after correction of dentofacial deformities by orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013; 42 (6): 752-58.
38.Bruguiere F, Sciote JJ, Roland-Billecart T, Raoul G, Machuron F, Ferri J, et al. Pre-operative parafunctional or dysfunctional oral habits are associated with the temporomandibular disorders after orthognathic surgery: An observational cohort study. J Oral Rehabil. 2019; 46 (4): 321-29.
39.Song YLBMMOR, Yap AUBMP. Orthognathic treatment of dentofacial disharmonies: its impact on temporomandibular disorders, quality of life, and psychosocial wellness. Cranio. 2017; 35 (1): 52-57.
40.Nunes de Lima V, Faverani LP, Santiago JF, Jr., Palmieri C, Jr., Magro Filho O, Pellizzer EP. Evaluation of condylar resorption rates after orthognathic surgery in class II and III dentofacial deformities: A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018; 46 (4): 668-73.
41.Jung HD, Jung YS, Park HS. The chronologic prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders associated with bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 67 (4): 797-803.
42.De Clercq CA, Neyt LF, Mommaerts MY, Abeloos JV, De Mot BM. Condylar resorption in orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1994; 9 (3): 233-40.
43.Kerstens HC, Tuinzing DB, van der Kwast WA. Temporomandibular joint symptoms in orthognathic surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1989; 17 (5): 215-8.
44.Mehraban SH, Jamali S, Azizi A, Nasrabadi N. Evaluating the effectiveness of orthognathic surgery on the pre-existing temporomandibular disorders in patients with malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2020; 20: 1-8.
45.Jędrzejewski M, Smektała T, Sporniak-Tutak K, Olszewski R. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative complications in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2015; 19 (5): 969-77.
46.Bermell-Baviera A, Bellot-Arcís C, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Effects of mandibular advancement surgery on the temporomandibular joint and muscular and articular adaptive changes--a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 45 (5): 545-52.
47.Lindenmeyer A, Sutcliffe P, Eghtessad M, Goulden R, Speculand B, Harris M. Oral and maxillofacial surgery and chronic painful temporomandibular disorders--a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68 (11): 2755-64.
48.Mladenović I, Jović N, Čutović T, Mladenović G, Kozomara R. Temporomandibular disorders after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism with depression as a risk factor. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2013; 71 (1): 57-64.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9, No 1 (Winter 2022) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v9i1.11077 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Temporomandibular joint Mandibular advancement Mandibular setback Maxillary impaction Maxillary advancement | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khayamzadeh M, Razmara F, Salehi Karizmeh M. Evaluation of the temporomandibular disorders after orthognathic surgeries: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2022;9(1):1-18.
