The relationship between anosmia and ageusia with biochemical markers, severity, and duration of the disease in patients with COVID-19
-
Ahmadreza Rasouli
,
Mashhoud Taghiloo
,
Hamid Khederlou
,
Fatemeh Moradi
,
Zahra Rostami
,
Mohammad Jafarzadeh
,
Houshang Bavandpour Karvane
,
Karim Parastouei
Abstract
Introduction: Due to the increasing prevalence of COVID-19 and its effects on the sense of taste and smell, we analyzed Blood electrolyte levels and biomarkers in COVID-19 patients who have a sign of anosmia and ageusia in Zanjan, Iran, and its relationship with biochemical blood indicators. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study included all hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19. We registered laboratory parameters. A questionnaire that validity and reliability have already been confirmed was used to assess anosmia and ageusia. Statistical analysis was evaluated using a bivariate Bayesian logistic regression in the binomial distribution. Results: A total of 450 COVID-19 patients completed the study (221 females). The mean age of the patients was 56.36±17.34 years. 31.8% and 24.9% of patients reported anosmia and ageusia. There was no significant relationship between anosmia and ageusia with age, gender, place of hospitalization, marriage status, duration of hospitalization, and CT scan (p<0.05). The Male’s platelet was 18.72 lower than the female’s (p=0.002). Male’s C-reactive protein was 4.96 units higher than female (p=0.002). In hospitalized persons for less than four days and people under 39 years of age, CRP levels were lower (P=0.001, P=0.019 respectively). The Levels of lactate dehydrogenase in patients with anosmia were 51.72 units less than in patients without anosmia (p=0.010). Conclusion: These results suggest that anosmia and ageusia are prevalent symptoms in Iranian COVID-19 patients. More information on serum biomarkers would help us to establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter. Keywords: COVID-19; Anosmia; Ageusia; C-reactive protein; Lactate dehydrogenase.
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5. Khederlou H, Ebrahimi V, Rasouli A, Mehrpooya M. A Comparison of the Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection in Patients with and Without Underlying Heart Disease. Int J Cardiovasc Pract. 2021;6(2):e132258. doi: 10.5812/intjcardiovascpract-132258.
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7. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
8. Gautier JF, Ravussin Y. A New Symptom of COVID‐19: Loss of Taste and Smell. Obesity. 2020;28(5):848-.
9. Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R, editors. Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2020: Elsevier.
10. Hummel T, Landis BN, Hüttenbrink K-B. Smell and taste disorders. GMS current topics in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 2011;10.
11. Van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T. The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. The Journal of pathology. 2015;235(2):277-87.
12. Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. Journal of virology. 2008;82(15):7264-75.
13. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International journal of oral science. 2020;12(1):1-5.
14. Hong KH, Lee SW, Kim TS, Huh HJ, Lee J, Kim SY, et al. Guidelines for laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea. Ann Lab Med. 2020;40(5):351-60.
15. Bagheri SHR, Asghari AM, Farhadi M, Shamshiri AR, Kabir A, Kamrava SK, et al. Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak. Medrxiv. 2020.
16. Lee DY, Lee WH, Wee JH, Kim J-W. Prognosis of postviral olfactory loss: follow-up study for longer than one year. American journal of rhinology & allergy. 2014;28(5):419-22.
17. Gilani S, Roditi R, Naraghi M. COVID-19 and anosmia in Tehran, Iran. Medical Hypotheses. 2020:109757.
18. Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim S-W. Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Korean medical science. 2020;35(18).
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24. Yeager A. Lost smell and taste hint COVID-19 can target the nervous system. The Scientist. 2020.
25. Zhang Q, Shan KS, Abdollahi S, Nace T. Anosmia and Ageusia as the Only Indicators of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus. 2020;12(5).
26. Kim JE, Oh E, Park J, Youn J, Kim JS, Jang W. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level may be associated with olfactory dysfunction in de novo Parkinson's disease. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2018;57:131-5.
27. Hassan MH, Abdelmaksoud AA, Ghweil AA, Rashad A, Aref ZF, Khodeary A, et al. Olfactory disturbances as presenting manifestation among Egyptian patients with COVID-19: Possible role of zinc. 2020.
28. Nakanishi H, Suzuki M, Maeda H, Nakamura Y, Ikegami Y, Takenaka Y, et al. Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19: Importance of Measuring Blood Lymphocytes, Serum Electrolytes, and Olfactory and Taste Functions. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine. 2020;252(2):109-19.
29. Organization WH. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 2 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
30. Rawal S, Hoffman HJ, Chapo AK, Duffy VB. Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported olfactory function in a home-based study of independent-living, healthy older women. Chemosensory perception. 2014;7(3-4):108-16.
31. Samuels MA, Feske SK, Daffner KR. Office practice of neurology: Gulf Professional Publishing; 2003.
32. Boesveldt S, Postma EM, Boak D, Welge-Luessen A, Schöpf V, Mainland JD, et al. Anosmia—a clinical review. Chemical senses. 2017;42(7):513-23.
33. Hopkins C, Kumar N. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection. The Royal College of Surgeons of England: British Rhinological Society. 2020.
34. Sheng W-H, Liu W-D, Wang J-T, Chang S-Y, Chang S-C. Dysosmia and dysgeusia in patients with COVID-19 in northern Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2020;120(1):311-7.
35. Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020:0194599820926473.
36. Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, Dagan O, Masarwa S, Ormianer Z. Olfactory and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: Sex-Related Symptoms—A Potential Pathway to Early Diagnosis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;163(4):722-8.
37. da Costa KV, Carnaúba ATL, Rocha KW, de Andrade KCL, Ferreira SM, Menezes PdL. Olfactory and taste disorders in COVID-19: a systematic review. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2020.
38. Klopfenstein T, Kadiane-Oussou N, Toko L, Royer P-Y, Lepiller Q, Gendrin V, et al. Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Médecine et Maladies infectieuses. 2020;50(5):436-9.
39. Tsou T-P, Chen W-C, Huang AS-E, Chang S-C, Su C-P, Lee P-H, et al. Epidemiology of the first 100 cases of COVID-19 in Taiwan and its implications on outbreak control. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2020;119(11):1601-7.
40. Dana PM, Sadoughi F, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B, et al. An insight into the sex differences in COVID-19 patients: what are the possible causes? Prehospital and disaster medicine. 2020;35(4):438-41.
41. Kalinke U, Bechmann I, Detje CN. Host strategies against virus entry via the olfactory system. Virulence. 2011;2(4):367-70.
42. Tian J, Wei Y, Li L, Sun Z, Wang B. Analysis of clinical characteristics of 141 patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi= Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology, head, and neck surgery. 2017;31(10):749-52.
43. Han H, Ma Q, Li C, Liu R, Zhao L, Wang W, et al. Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020;9(1):1123-30.
44. Qin L, Li X, Shi J, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, et al. Gendered effects on inflammation reaction and outcome of COVID‐19 patients in Wuhan. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020.
45. Kermali M, Khalsa RK, Pillai K, Ismail Z, Harky A. The role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19–A systematic review. Life Sciences. 2020:117788.
46. Luo X, Zhou W, Yan X, Guo T, Wang B, Xia H, et al. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020.
47. Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, Karamanis D, Ognibene J, Arora S, et al. Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. Metabolism. 2020;108:154262.
48. Bilgir O, Bilgir F, Calan M, Calan OG, Yuksel A. Comparison of pre-and post-levothyroxine high-sensitivity c-reactive protein and fetuin-a levels in subclinical hypothyroidism. Clinics. 2015;70(2):97-101.
49. Chalmers S, Khawaja A, Wieruszewski PM, Gajic O, Odeyemi Y. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: the role of inflammatory biomarkers. World journal of critical care medicine. 2019;8(5):59.
50. HuangCL W. Clinicalfea⁃ tures of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
51. Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2020;130(5):2620-9.
52. Wang H, Luo S, Shen Y, Li M, Zhang Z, Dong Y, et al. Multiple enzyme release, inflammation storm and hypercoagulability are prominent indicators for disease progression in COVID-19: a multi-centered, correlation study with CT imaging score. 2020.
53. Sanli DET, Altundag A, Kandemirli SG, Yildirim D, Sanli AN, Saatci O, et al. Relationship between disease severity and serum IL-6 levels in COVID-19 anosmia. American journal of otolaryngology. 2021;42(1):102796.
54. Cristina S, Concetta R, Francesco R, Annalisa C. SARS-Cov-2 infection: Response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment. International Immunopharmacology. 2020:106519.
55. Meng Y, Wu P, Lu W, Liu K, Ma K, Huang L, et al. Sex-specific clinical characteristics and prognosis of coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study of 168 severe patients. PLoS pathogens. 2020;16(4):e1008520.
56. Liu X, Zhou H, Zhou Y, Wu X, Zhao Y, Lu Y, et al. Risk factors associated with disease severity and length of hospital stay in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(1):e95-e7.
57. Qu R, Ling Y, Zhang Yhz, Wei Ly, Chen X, Li Xm, et al. Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease‐19. Journal of medical virology. 2020.
58. Güçlü E, Kocayiğit H, Okan HD, Erkorkmaz U, Yürümez Y, Yaylacı S, et al. Effect of COVID-19 on platelet count and its indices. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2020;66(8):1122-7.
59. Leonard B. The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression. Polish journal of pharmacology and pharmacy. 1984;36(5):561-9.
60. Li C, Ye J, Chen Q, Hu W, Wang L, Fan Y, et al. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level as an independent risk factor for the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(15):15670.
61. Watanabe M, Caruso D, Tuccinardi D, Risi R, Zerunian M, Polici M, et al. Visceral fat shows the strongest association with the need of intensive care in patients with COVID-19. Metabolism. 2020;111:154319.
62. Li X, Xu S, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhou Y, et al. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020.
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65. Sanli DET, Altundag A, Kandemirli SG, Yildirim D, Sanli AN, Saatci O, et al. Relationship between disease severity and serum IL-6 levels in COVID-19 anosmia. American journal of otolaryngology. 2020;42(1):102796.
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2. Khederlou H, Rostamian A, Nezhadseifi E, Ebrahimi-louyeh H. Resolved of Respiratory Failure Following the Use Pulse-Doses of Methylprednisolone in a Cytokine Storm Related to 2019 novel coronavirus. Rheumatology Research. 2020 Jul 1;5(3):129-33.
3. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. 28 February 2020, posting date. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med doi.10.
4. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
5. Khederlou H, Ebrahimi V, Rasouli A, Mehrpooya M. A Comparison of the Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection in Patients with and Without Underlying Heart Disease. Int J Cardiovasc Pract. 2021;6(2):e132258. doi: 10.5812/intjcardiovascpract-132258.
6. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
7. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
8. Gautier JF, Ravussin Y. A New Symptom of COVID‐19: Loss of Taste and Smell. Obesity. 2020;28(5):848-.
9. Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R, editors. Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2020: Elsevier.
10. Hummel T, Landis BN, Hüttenbrink K-B. Smell and taste disorders. GMS current topics in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 2011;10.
11. Van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T. The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. The Journal of pathology. 2015;235(2):277-87.
12. Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. Journal of virology. 2008;82(15):7264-75.
13. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International journal of oral science. 2020;12(1):1-5.
14. Hong KH, Lee SW, Kim TS, Huh HJ, Lee J, Kim SY, et al. Guidelines for laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea. Ann Lab Med. 2020;40(5):351-60.
15. Bagheri SHR, Asghari AM, Farhadi M, Shamshiri AR, Kabir A, Kamrava SK, et al. Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak. Medrxiv. 2020.
16. Lee DY, Lee WH, Wee JH, Kim J-W. Prognosis of postviral olfactory loss: follow-up study for longer than one year. American journal of rhinology & allergy. 2014;28(5):419-22.
17. Gilani S, Roditi R, Naraghi M. COVID-19 and anosmia in Tehran, Iran. Medical Hypotheses. 2020:109757.
18. Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim S-W. Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Korean medical science. 2020;35(18).
19. Roland LT, Gurrola JG, Loftus PA, Cheung SW, Chang JL, editors. Smell and taste symptom‐based predictive model for COVID‐19 diagnosis. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology; 2020: Wiley Online Library.
20. Russell B, Moss C, Rigg A, Hopkins C, Papa S, Van Hemelrijck M. Anosmia and ageusia are emerging as symptoms in patients with COVID-19: What does the current evidence say? ecancermedicalscience. 2020;14.
21. Tanasa IA, Manciuc C, Carauleanu A, Navolan DB, Bohiltea RE, Nemescu D. Anosmia and ageusia associated with coronavirus infection (COVID‑19)-what is known? Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.
22. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID‐19 patients. The Laryngoscope. 2020.
23. Vargas-Gandica J, Winter D, Schnippe R, Rodriguez-Morales AG, Mondragon J, Escalera-Antezana JP, et al. Ageusia and Anosmia, a Common Aign of COVID-19? A Case Series from Four Countries. 2020.
24. Yeager A. Lost smell and taste hint COVID-19 can target the nervous system. The Scientist. 2020.
25. Zhang Q, Shan KS, Abdollahi S, Nace T. Anosmia and Ageusia as the Only Indicators of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus. 2020;12(5).
26. Kim JE, Oh E, Park J, Youn J, Kim JS, Jang W. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level may be associated with olfactory dysfunction in de novo Parkinson's disease. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2018;57:131-5.
27. Hassan MH, Abdelmaksoud AA, Ghweil AA, Rashad A, Aref ZF, Khodeary A, et al. Olfactory disturbances as presenting manifestation among Egyptian patients with COVID-19: Possible role of zinc. 2020.
28. Nakanishi H, Suzuki M, Maeda H, Nakamura Y, Ikegami Y, Takenaka Y, et al. Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19: Importance of Measuring Blood Lymphocytes, Serum Electrolytes, and Olfactory and Taste Functions. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine. 2020;252(2):109-19.
29. Organization WH. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 2 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
30. Rawal S, Hoffman HJ, Chapo AK, Duffy VB. Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported olfactory function in a home-based study of independent-living, healthy older women. Chemosensory perception. 2014;7(3-4):108-16.
31. Samuels MA, Feske SK, Daffner KR. Office practice of neurology: Gulf Professional Publishing; 2003.
32. Boesveldt S, Postma EM, Boak D, Welge-Luessen A, Schöpf V, Mainland JD, et al. Anosmia—a clinical review. Chemical senses. 2017;42(7):513-23.
33. Hopkins C, Kumar N. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection. The Royal College of Surgeons of England: British Rhinological Society. 2020.
34. Sheng W-H, Liu W-D, Wang J-T, Chang S-Y, Chang S-C. Dysosmia and dysgeusia in patients with COVID-19 in northern Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2020;120(1):311-7.
35. Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020:0194599820926473.
36. Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, Dagan O, Masarwa S, Ormianer Z. Olfactory and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: Sex-Related Symptoms—A Potential Pathway to Early Diagnosis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;163(4):722-8.
37. da Costa KV, Carnaúba ATL, Rocha KW, de Andrade KCL, Ferreira SM, Menezes PdL. Olfactory and taste disorders in COVID-19: a systematic review. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2020.
38. Klopfenstein T, Kadiane-Oussou N, Toko L, Royer P-Y, Lepiller Q, Gendrin V, et al. Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Médecine et Maladies infectieuses. 2020;50(5):436-9.
39. Tsou T-P, Chen W-C, Huang AS-E, Chang S-C, Su C-P, Lee P-H, et al. Epidemiology of the first 100 cases of COVID-19 in Taiwan and its implications on outbreak control. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2020;119(11):1601-7.
40. Dana PM, Sadoughi F, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B, et al. An insight into the sex differences in COVID-19 patients: what are the possible causes? Prehospital and disaster medicine. 2020;35(4):438-41.
41. Kalinke U, Bechmann I, Detje CN. Host strategies against virus entry via the olfactory system. Virulence. 2011;2(4):367-70.
42. Tian J, Wei Y, Li L, Sun Z, Wang B. Analysis of clinical characteristics of 141 patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi= Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology, head, and neck surgery. 2017;31(10):749-52.
43. Han H, Ma Q, Li C, Liu R, Zhao L, Wang W, et al. Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020;9(1):1123-30.
44. Qin L, Li X, Shi J, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, et al. Gendered effects on inflammation reaction and outcome of COVID‐19 patients in Wuhan. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020.
45. Kermali M, Khalsa RK, Pillai K, Ismail Z, Harky A. The role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19–A systematic review. Life Sciences. 2020:117788.
46. Luo X, Zhou W, Yan X, Guo T, Wang B, Xia H, et al. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020.
47. Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, Karamanis D, Ognibene J, Arora S, et al. Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. Metabolism. 2020;108:154262.
48. Bilgir O, Bilgir F, Calan M, Calan OG, Yuksel A. Comparison of pre-and post-levothyroxine high-sensitivity c-reactive protein and fetuin-a levels in subclinical hypothyroidism. Clinics. 2015;70(2):97-101.
49. Chalmers S, Khawaja A, Wieruszewski PM, Gajic O, Odeyemi Y. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: the role of inflammatory biomarkers. World journal of critical care medicine. 2019;8(5):59.
50. HuangCL W. Clinicalfea⁃ tures of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan. China. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
51. Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2020;130(5):2620-9.
52. Wang H, Luo S, Shen Y, Li M, Zhang Z, Dong Y, et al. Multiple enzyme release, inflammation storm and hypercoagulability are prominent indicators for disease progression in COVID-19: a multi-centered, correlation study with CT imaging score. 2020.
53. Sanli DET, Altundag A, Kandemirli SG, Yildirim D, Sanli AN, Saatci O, et al. Relationship between disease severity and serum IL-6 levels in COVID-19 anosmia. American journal of otolaryngology. 2021;42(1):102796.
54. Cristina S, Concetta R, Francesco R, Annalisa C. SARS-Cov-2 infection: Response of human immune system and possible implications for the rapid test and treatment. International Immunopharmacology. 2020:106519.
55. Meng Y, Wu P, Lu W, Liu K, Ma K, Huang L, et al. Sex-specific clinical characteristics and prognosis of coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study of 168 severe patients. PLoS pathogens. 2020;16(4):e1008520.
56. Liu X, Zhou H, Zhou Y, Wu X, Zhao Y, Lu Y, et al. Risk factors associated with disease severity and length of hospital stay in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(1):e95-e7.
57. Qu R, Ling Y, Zhang Yhz, Wei Ly, Chen X, Li Xm, et al. Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease‐19. Journal of medical virology. 2020.
58. Güçlü E, Kocayiğit H, Okan HD, Erkorkmaz U, Yürümez Y, Yaylacı S, et al. Effect of COVID-19 on platelet count and its indices. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2020;66(8):1122-7.
59. Leonard B. The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression. Polish journal of pharmacology and pharmacy. 1984;36(5):561-9.
60. Li C, Ye J, Chen Q, Hu W, Wang L, Fan Y, et al. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level as an independent risk factor for the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(15):15670.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9, No 3 (Summer 2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v9i3.12694 | |
| Keywords | ||
| COVID-19; Anosmia; Ageusia; C-reactive protein; Lactate dehydrogenase. | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Rasouli A, Taghiloo M, Khederlou H, Moradi F, Rostami Z, Jafarzadeh M, Bavandpour Karvane H, Parastouei K. The relationship between anosmia and ageusia with biochemical markers, severity, and duration of the disease in patients with COVID-19. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2023;9(3):118-127.
