A case-control study of evaluating oral squamous cell carcinoma (scc) risk factors in the Iranian population
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Abstract
Introduction: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma is the 6th most prevalent cancer worldwide. The global increase in frequency and mortality of oral SCC has been shown. There are few studies about the risk factors for oral SCC in Iran. This study is based on finding a possible relationship between oral SCC and some lifestyle factors in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Iran Cancer Institute in Tehran. The controls were matched to the cases by age and gender and socio-economic status. A number of 204 individuals (102 cases and 102 controls) were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire to obtain data regarding oral hygiene, dietary factors, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and lifestyle risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Results were analyzed by chisquare and Fisher exact test. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The mean age of cases at diagnosis was 60.03 years and 52.9% were male. The analysis showed that poor oral hygiene, low intake of fruits and vegetables (P<0.001), low intake of dairy (P=0.029), alcohol consumption (P=0.015), cigarette smoking (P=0.002) in years and pack per year of smoking (P<0.001) are independent risk factors for oral SCC. Conclusion: The study provided strong evidence that poor oral hygiene, poor dietary factors,smoking habits and alcohol consumption play an etiological role for oral SCC in the Iranian population.Keywords: Risk factors; Oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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15. Betiol J, Villa L, Sichero L. Impact of HPV infection on the development of head and neck cancer. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2013;46(3):217-26.
16. Mahapatra S, Kamath R, Shetty BK, Binu V. Risk of oral cancer associated with gutka and other tobacco products: A hospital-based case-control study. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics. 2015;11(1):199.
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18. Almiron-Roig E, Solis-Trapala I, Dodd J, Jebb SA. Estimating food portions. Influence of unit number, meal type and energy density. Appetite. 2013;71:95-103.
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24. Talamini R, Vaccarella S, Barbone F, Tavani A, La Vecchia C, Herrero R, et al. Oral hygiene, dentition, sexual habits and risk of oral cancer. British journal of cancer. 2000;83(9):1238.
25. Garrote LF, Herrero R, Reyes RO, Vaccarella S, Anta JL, Ferbeye L, et al. Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba. British Journal of Cancer. 2001;85(1):46.
2. Muwonge R, Ramadas K, Sankila R, Thara S, Thomas G, Vinoda J, et al. Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: a nested case-control design using incident cancer cases. Oral oncology. 2008;44(5):446-54.
3. Al-Soneidar WA, Madathil SA, Nicolau B. Commentary: Oral cancer examinations and lesion discovery as reported by U.S. general dentists. Prev Med. 2019;124:124-5.
4. Bunnell A, Pettit N, Reddout N, Sharma K, O'Malley S, Chino M, et al. Analysis of primary risk factors for oral cancer from select US states with increasing rates. Tob Induc Dis. 2010;8:5.
5. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer and the role of sexual behaviour: a systematic review. Br Dent J. 2017;222(11):847.
6. Alnuaimi AD, Wiesenfeld D, O’Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC, McCullough MJ. Oral Candida colonization in oral cancer patients and its relationship with traditional risk factors of oral cancer: A matched case-control study. Oral oncology. 2015;51(2):139-45.
7. Mortazavi H, Hajian S, Fadavi E, Sabour S, Baharvand M, Bakhtiari S. ABO blood groups in oral cancer: a first case-control study in a defined group of Iranian patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(3):1415-8.
8. Gupta S, Singh R, Gupta O, Tripathi A. Prevalence of oral cancer and pre-cancerous lesions and the association with numerous risk factors in North India: A hospital based study. National journal of maxillofacial surgery. 2014;5(2):142.
9. Kadashetti V, Chaudhary M, Patil S, Gawande M, Shivakumar K, Patil S, et al. Analysis of various risk factors affecting potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer patients of Central India. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics. 2015;11(2):280.
10. Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt M, Mohammad S. Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis. Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery. 2011;10(2):132-7.
11. Mathur R, Singhavi HR, Malik A, Nair S, Chaturvedi P. Role of Poor Oral Hygiene in Causation of Oral Cancer-a Review of Literature. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2019;10(1):184-95.
12. Oji C, Chukwuneke F. Poor oral Hygiene may be the Sole Cause of Oral Cancer. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2012;11(4):379-83.
13. Meurman JH. Infectious and dietary risk factors of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):411-3.
14. Candotto V, Lauritano D, Nardone M, Baggi L, Arcuri C, Gatto R, et al. HPV infection in the oral cavity: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and relationship with oral cancer. Oral Implantol (Rome). 2017;10(3):209-20.
15. Betiol J, Villa L, Sichero L. Impact of HPV infection on the development of head and neck cancer. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2013;46(3):217-26.
16. Mahapatra S, Kamath R, Shetty BK, Binu V. Risk of oral cancer associated with gutka and other tobacco products: A hospital-based case-control study. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics. 2015;11(1):199.
17. Gangane N, Chawla S, Anshu, Gupta SS, Sharma SM. Reassessment of risk factors for oral cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2007;8(2):243-8.
18. Almiron-Roig E, Solis-Trapala I, Dodd J, Jebb SA. Estimating food portions. Influence of unit number, meal type and energy density. Appetite. 2013;71:95-103.
19. Raynor HA, Wing RR. Package unit size and amount of food: do both influence intake? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(9):2311-9.
20. Anthony D. Using a computer to perform statistical analysis. Nurse Res. 2004;11(3):7-27.
21. Organization WH. The World health report: 2004: Changing history. 2004.
22. Kothari CR. Research methodology: Methods and techniques: New Age International; 2004.
23. Mather LE, Austin KL. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) as an adjunct to pharmacokinetic analysis. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1983;4(2):157-72.
24. Talamini R, Vaccarella S, Barbone F, Tavani A, La Vecchia C, Herrero R, et al. Oral hygiene, dentition, sexual habits and risk of oral cancer. British journal of cancer. 2000;83(9):1238.
25. Garrote LF, Herrero R, Reyes RO, Vaccarella S, Anta JL, Ferbeye L, et al. Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba. British Journal of Cancer. 2001;85(1):46.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10, No 3 (Summer 2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v10i3.14632 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Risk factors; Oral squamous cell carcinoma. | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Garajei A, Hajiani N, Emami A. A case-control study of evaluating oral squamous cell carcinoma (scc) risk factors in the Iranian population. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2023;10(3):107-113.
