Oral and maxillofacial complications of COVID-19 infection: A review
,
Abstract
Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a group of viruses that cause disease in birds and mammals and currently has more than 398.572.320 infected and 5.770.578 victims worldwide. Common clinical symptoms are fever, headache, dyspnea, sore throat, dry cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea. On the other hand, the results of various studies related to oral and maxil-lofacial manifestations in patients with COVID-19 have reported contradictory results in different places, which shows the role of different geographical and individual factors in the occurrence of oral manifestations. The aim of the present study was to review the oral and maxillofacial manifes-tations in patients with or improved COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods: This study is a narrative review. In this study, research published in Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases has been reviewed by a review method and with a keyword search strategy. Results: 4011 articles were found from the mentioned databases, and after deleting unrelated researches (3607 cases) and duplicate researches (358 cases), 46 articles remained for final review. Then, from this number, those research that were presented in the scientific conference and were in the form of abstracts or did not have a correct statistical population were excluded from the study (10 cases). Conclusion: COVID-19 is a new and rapidly evolving disease, and many of its features, in-cluding its associated oral manifestations, are still under investigation. No agreement has yet been reached on the nature and classification of oral lesions in COVID-19 and their causal relationship to disease progression. This limitation is reflected in systematic reviews such as the present article. In addition, there is a significant shortage of high-quality studies on the prevalence of these oral manifestations and this limitation affects the prevalence estimates presented in this study. Keywords: Oral manifestations; Maxillofacial manifestations; Sars covid_19.
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2. Li X, Zai J, Zhao Q, Nie Q, Li Y, Foley BT, Chaillon A. Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(6):602-11.
3. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y-M, Wang W, Song Z-G, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-9.
4. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3.
5. Sun J, He W-T, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, et al. COVID-19: epidemiology, evolution, and cross-disciplinary perspectives. Trends in molecular medicine. 2020;26(5):483-95.
6. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh C-L, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260-3.
7. Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature microbiology. 2020;5(4):562-9.
8. Organization WH. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus: interim guidance, 19 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
9. Jaillon S, Berthenet K, Garlanda C. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2019;56:308-21.
10. Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I. The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2010;10(8):594-604.
11. Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2021;170:1-25.
12. Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Alanazi RH, Qaid NM, Abdulrab S. Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature. Brazilian oral research. 2020;34.
13. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
14. Hedou M, Carsuzaa F, Chary E, Hainaut E, Cazenave‐Roblot F, Regnault MM. Comment on ‘Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective’by Recalcati S. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2020;34(7):e299.
15. Yang Y, Lu Q-B, Liu M-J, Wang Y-X, Zhang A-R, Jalali N, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medrxiv. 2020:2020.02. 10.20021675.
16. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, Zhang LJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E15-E25.
17. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
18. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
19. Machado C, Gutierrez JV. Anosmia and ageusia as initial or unique symptoms after sars-cov-2 virus infection. 2020.
20. Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host–virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS chemical neuroscience. 2020;11(7):995-8.
21. Wang L, Gao Y-h, Lou L-L, Zhang G-J. The clinical dynamics of 18 cases of COVID-19 outside of Wuhan, China. European Respiratory Journal. 2020;55(4).
22. Bansal M. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020;14(3):247-50.
23. Tan W, Aboulhosn J. The cardiovascular burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with a focus on congenital heart disease. International journal of cardiology. 2020;309:70-7.
24. Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV Patients (preprint). 2020.
25. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang F-S. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2020;5(5):428-30.
26. Chee YJ, Ng SJH, Yeoh E. Reply to comments on Letter to the Editor–Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. diabetes research and clinical practice. 2020;166:108305.
27. Reddy ST, Garg T, Shah C, Nascimento FA, Imran R, Kan P, et al. Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: a review of the literature and case series. Case reports in neurology. 2020;12(2):199-209.
28. Seirafianpour F, Sodagar S, Pour Mohammad A, Panahi P, Mozafarpoor S, Almasi S, Goodarzi A. Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review. Dermatologic therapy. 2020;33(6):e13986.
29. Amorim Dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva R, Acevedo AC, De Luca Canto G, Sugaya N, et al. Oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Journal of dental research. 2021;100(2):141-54.
30. Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, Dagan O, Masarwa S, Ormianer Z. Olfactory and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related symptoms—a potential pathway to early diagnosis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;163(4):722-8.
31. Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, da Silva RLC, De Paula RM, Cembranel AC, Santos-Silva AR, Guerra ENS. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: new signs or secondary manifestations? International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;97:326-8.
32. Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, Zartab H, Aflatoonian M. Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 disease: A review article. Dermatologic therapy. 2021;34(1):e14578.
33. Tanner MC, Boxriker S, Haubruck P, Child C, Westhauser F, Fischer C, et al. Expression of VEGF in Peripheral Serum Is a Possible Prognostic Factor in Bone-Regeneration via Masquelet-Technique—A Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(4):776.
34. Chaux-Bodard A-G, Deneuve S, Desoutter A. Oral manifestation of Covid-19 as an inaugural symptom? Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery. 2020;26(2):18.
35. Sofi-Mahmudi A. Patients with COVID-19 may present some oral manifestations. Evid Based Dent. 2021;22(2):80-1.
36. Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, Jané-Salas E, Somacarrera Pérez ML. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis. 2021;27 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):710-2.
37. Rocha BA, Souto GR, Grossmann SMC, de Aguiar MCF, de Andrade BAB, Romañach MJ, Horta MCR. Viral enanthema in oral mucosa: A possible diagnostic challenge in the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral Dis. 2021;27 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):776-8.
38. Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The Prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;163(1):3-11.
39. Soares CD, Carvalho RA, Carvalho KA, Carvalho MG, Almeida OP. Letter to Editor: Oral lesions in a patient with Covid-19. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2020;25(4):e563-e4.
40. Cai G. Bulk and single-cell transcriptomics identify tobacco-use disparity in lung gene expression of ACE2, the receptor of 2019-nCov. MedRxiv. 2020:2020.02. 05.20020107.
41. Amorim dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, Acevedo AC, De Luca Canto G, Sugaya N, et al. Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A 6-Month Update. Journal of Dental Research. 2021;100(12):1321-9.
42. Maheswaran T, Abikshyeet P, Sitra G, Gokulanathan S, Vaithiyanadane V, Jeelani S. Gustatory dysfunction. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2014;6(Suppl 1):S30.
43. Prather KA, Wang CC, Schooley RT. Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020;368(6498):1422-4.
44. Sato T, Ueha R, Goto T, Yamauchi A, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins in the upper and lower aerodigestive tracts of rats: implications on COVID 19 infections. The Laryngoscope. 2021;131(3):E932-E9.
45. Amorim dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, De Paula RM, Cembranel AC, Santos-Silva AR, Guerra ENS. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations? International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;97:326-8.
46. Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, Wan S, Huang P, Sun X, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell discovery. 2020;6(1):1-4.
47. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Petrocelli M, Deiana G, Salzano FA, De Riu G. Validation of a self‐administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID‐19 patients in home quarantine. Head & neck. 2020;42(7):1570-6.
48. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine. 2020;14:185-92.
49. Boymuradov SA, Rustamova DA, Bobamuratova DT, Kurbanov YX, Karimberdiyev BI, Yusupov SS, Umarov RZ. Complications of COVID-19 in the maxillo-facial region: Clinical case and review of the literature. Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2021;3:100091.
50. Arani R, Shareef S, Khanam HMK. Mucormycotic Osteomyelitis Involving the Maxilla: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2019;2019:8459296.
51. Thevissen K, Jacobs C, Holtappels M, Toda M, Verweij P, Wauters J. International survey on influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) in intensive care units: responses suggest low awareness and potential underdiagnosis outside Europe. Critical Care. 2020;24(1):84.
52. Ramires M, Mattia MB, Tateno RY, Palma LF, Campos L. A combination of phototherapy modalities for extensive lip lesions in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;33:102196.
53. van der Poel NA, Mourits MP, de Win MML, Coutinho JM, Dikkers FG. Prognosis of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis remarkably improved: a case series of 12 patients and literature review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275(9):2387-95.
54. Singh C, Tay J, Shoqirat N. Skin and Mucosal Damage in Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: A Case Report. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2020;47(5):435-8.
55. Dima M, Enatescu I, Craina M, Petre I, Iacob ER, Iacob D. First neonates with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Romania: Three case reports. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(33):e21284.
56. Riad A, Gad A, Hockova B, Klugar M. Oral candidiasis in non-severe COVID-19 patients: call for antibiotic stewardship. Oral Surg. 2022;15(3):465-6.
57. Sakaida T, Tanimoto I, Matsubara A, Nakamura M, Morita A. Unique skin manifestations of COVID-19: Is drug eruption specific to COVID-19? J Dermatol Sci. 2020;99(1):62-4.
58. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Badali H, Khodavaisy S. Opportunistic Fungal Infections in the Epidemic Area of COVID-19: A Clinical and Diagnostic Perspective from Iran. Mycopathologia. 2020;185(4):607-11.
59. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Mahmoudi S, Kalantari S, Jamalimoghadamsiahkali S, Izadi A, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID-19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Mycoses. 2020;63(8):771-8.
60. Dziedzic A, Wojtyczka R. The impact of coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID‐19) on oral health. Oral diseases. 2021;27:703-6.
2. Li X, Zai J, Zhao Q, Nie Q, Li Y, Foley BT, Chaillon A. Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(6):602-11.
3. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y-M, Wang W, Song Z-G, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-9.
4. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3.
5. Sun J, He W-T, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, et al. COVID-19: epidemiology, evolution, and cross-disciplinary perspectives. Trends in molecular medicine. 2020;26(5):483-95.
6. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh C-L, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260-3.
7. Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature microbiology. 2020;5(4):562-9.
8. Organization WH. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus: interim guidance, 19 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
9. Jaillon S, Berthenet K, Garlanda C. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2019;56:308-21.
10. Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I. The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2010;10(8):594-604.
11. Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2021;170:1-25.
12. Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Alanazi RH, Qaid NM, Abdulrab S. Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature. Brazilian oral research. 2020;34.
13. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
14. Hedou M, Carsuzaa F, Chary E, Hainaut E, Cazenave‐Roblot F, Regnault MM. Comment on ‘Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective’by Recalcati S. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2020;34(7):e299.
15. Yang Y, Lu Q-B, Liu M-J, Wang Y-X, Zhang A-R, Jalali N, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medrxiv. 2020:2020.02. 10.20021675.
16. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, Zhang LJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E15-E25.
17. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
18. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
19. Machado C, Gutierrez JV. Anosmia and ageusia as initial or unique symptoms after sars-cov-2 virus infection. 2020.
20. Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host–virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS chemical neuroscience. 2020;11(7):995-8.
21. Wang L, Gao Y-h, Lou L-L, Zhang G-J. The clinical dynamics of 18 cases of COVID-19 outside of Wuhan, China. European Respiratory Journal. 2020;55(4).
22. Bansal M. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020;14(3):247-50.
23. Tan W, Aboulhosn J. The cardiovascular burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with a focus on congenital heart disease. International journal of cardiology. 2020;309:70-7.
24. Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV Patients (preprint). 2020.
25. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang F-S. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2020;5(5):428-30.
26. Chee YJ, Ng SJH, Yeoh E. Reply to comments on Letter to the Editor–Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. diabetes research and clinical practice. 2020;166:108305.
27. Reddy ST, Garg T, Shah C, Nascimento FA, Imran R, Kan P, et al. Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: a review of the literature and case series. Case reports in neurology. 2020;12(2):199-209.
28. Seirafianpour F, Sodagar S, Pour Mohammad A, Panahi P, Mozafarpoor S, Almasi S, Goodarzi A. Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review. Dermatologic therapy. 2020;33(6):e13986.
29. Amorim Dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva R, Acevedo AC, De Luca Canto G, Sugaya N, et al. Oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Journal of dental research. 2021;100(2):141-54.
30. Biadsee A, Biadsee A, Kassem F, Dagan O, Masarwa S, Ormianer Z. Olfactory and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related symptoms—a potential pathway to early diagnosis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;163(4):722-8.
31. Dos Santos JA, Normando AGC, da Silva RLC, De Paula RM, Cembranel AC, Santos-Silva AR, Guerra ENS. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: new signs or secondary manifestations? International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;97:326-8.
32. Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, Zartab H, Aflatoonian M. Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 disease: A review article. Dermatologic therapy. 2021;34(1):e14578.
33. Tanner MC, Boxriker S, Haubruck P, Child C, Westhauser F, Fischer C, et al. Expression of VEGF in Peripheral Serum Is a Possible Prognostic Factor in Bone-Regeneration via Masquelet-Technique—A Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(4):776.
34. Chaux-Bodard A-G, Deneuve S, Desoutter A. Oral manifestation of Covid-19 as an inaugural symptom? Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery. 2020;26(2):18.
35. Sofi-Mahmudi A. Patients with COVID-19 may present some oral manifestations. Evid Based Dent. 2021;22(2):80-1.
36. Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, Jané-Salas E, Somacarrera Pérez ML. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis. 2021;27 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):710-2.
37. Rocha BA, Souto GR, Grossmann SMC, de Aguiar MCF, de Andrade BAB, Romañach MJ, Horta MCR. Viral enanthema in oral mucosa: A possible diagnostic challenge in the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral Dis. 2021;27 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):776-8.
38. Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The Prevalence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;163(1):3-11.
39. Soares CD, Carvalho RA, Carvalho KA, Carvalho MG, Almeida OP. Letter to Editor: Oral lesions in a patient with Covid-19. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2020;25(4):e563-e4.
40. Cai G. Bulk and single-cell transcriptomics identify tobacco-use disparity in lung gene expression of ACE2, the receptor of 2019-nCov. MedRxiv. 2020:2020.02. 05.20020107.
41. Amorim dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, Acevedo AC, De Luca Canto G, Sugaya N, et al. Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A 6-Month Update. Journal of Dental Research. 2021;100(12):1321-9.
42. Maheswaran T, Abikshyeet P, Sitra G, Gokulanathan S, Vaithiyanadane V, Jeelani S. Gustatory dysfunction. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2014;6(Suppl 1):S30.
43. Prather KA, Wang CC, Schooley RT. Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020;368(6498):1422-4.
44. Sato T, Ueha R, Goto T, Yamauchi A, Kondo K, Yamasoba T. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins in the upper and lower aerodigestive tracts of rats: implications on COVID 19 infections. The Laryngoscope. 2021;131(3):E932-E9.
45. Amorim dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, De Paula RM, Cembranel AC, Santos-Silva AR, Guerra ENS. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations? International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;97:326-8.
46. Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, Wan S, Huang P, Sun X, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell discovery. 2020;6(1):1-4.
47. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Petrocelli M, Deiana G, Salzano FA, De Riu G. Validation of a self‐administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID‐19 patients in home quarantine. Head & neck. 2020;42(7):1570-6.
48. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine. 2020;14:185-92.
49. Boymuradov SA, Rustamova DA, Bobamuratova DT, Kurbanov YX, Karimberdiyev BI, Yusupov SS, Umarov RZ. Complications of COVID-19 in the maxillo-facial region: Clinical case and review of the literature. Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2021;3:100091.
50. Arani R, Shareef S, Khanam HMK. Mucormycotic Osteomyelitis Involving the Maxilla: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2019;2019:8459296.
51. Thevissen K, Jacobs C, Holtappels M, Toda M, Verweij P, Wauters J. International survey on influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) in intensive care units: responses suggest low awareness and potential underdiagnosis outside Europe. Critical Care. 2020;24(1):84.
52. Ramires M, Mattia MB, Tateno RY, Palma LF, Campos L. A combination of phototherapy modalities for extensive lip lesions in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;33:102196.
53. van der Poel NA, Mourits MP, de Win MML, Coutinho JM, Dikkers FG. Prognosis of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis remarkably improved: a case series of 12 patients and literature review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275(9):2387-95.
54. Singh C, Tay J, Shoqirat N. Skin and Mucosal Damage in Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: A Case Report. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2020;47(5):435-8.
55. Dima M, Enatescu I, Craina M, Petre I, Iacob ER, Iacob D. First neonates with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Romania: Three case reports. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(33):e21284.
56. Riad A, Gad A, Hockova B, Klugar M. Oral candidiasis in non-severe COVID-19 patients: call for antibiotic stewardship. Oral Surg. 2022;15(3):465-6.
57. Sakaida T, Tanimoto I, Matsubara A, Nakamura M, Morita A. Unique skin manifestations of COVID-19: Is drug eruption specific to COVID-19? J Dermatol Sci. 2020;99(1):62-4.
58. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Badali H, Khodavaisy S. Opportunistic Fungal Infections in the Epidemic Area of COVID-19: A Clinical and Diagnostic Perspective from Iran. Mycopathologia. 2020;185(4):607-11.
59. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Mahmoudi S, Kalantari S, Jamalimoghadamsiahkali S, Izadi A, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID-19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Mycoses. 2020;63(8):771-8.
60. Dziedzic A, Wojtyczka R. The impact of coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID‐19) on oral health. Oral diseases. 2021;27:703-6.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10, No 3 (Summer 2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v10i3.14630 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Oral manifestations; Maxillofacial manifestations; Sars covid_19. | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Bolandparva F, Mohajeri Tehrani M, Heydari N. Oral and maxillofacial complications of COVID-19 infection: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2023;10(3):86-98.
