Nasal Profile and Its Relationship with Sagittal Dentoskeletal Pattern and Age in Iranian Adults
Abstract
Introduction: The nose, centrally positioned and a prominent facial feature, plays a critical role in facial aesthetics. Clinicians must understand its morphology and relationship with adjacent structures for optimal aesthetic outcomes. This study aims to investigate nasal morphology in Iranian adults and its correlation with sagittal dentoskeletal patterns and age. Materials and Methods: Five linear and six angular parameters were measured on the lateral cephalograms of 300 Iranian adults, acquired in 2022 from the records of a private radiology center in Zanjan city. One-way ANOVA and Spearman`s correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean values of nasal depth, Holdaway`s nose prominence, nasofacial angle, nasomental angle, nasolabial angle and LNLA were not equal in different sagittal dentoskeletal patterns. The mean nasal depth in Class III individuals was significantly higher than in Class II div. 1 individuals. The mean of Holdaway’s nose prominence in Class II div. 2 subjects was significantly higher than in Class II div. 1 subjects. The mean nasofacial angle in Class II subjects was significantly higher than in Class I subjects and in Class I subjects was significantly higher than in Class III subjects. The mean nasomental angle in Class III subjects was significantly higher than in Class I subjects and in Class I subjects it was significantly higher than in Class II subjects. Furthermore, the mean nasolabial angle and LNLA were significantly higher in Class II Div. 2 subjects than in Class III subjects. Among measured parameters, only Nasal depth showed a weak positive correlation with age with a correlation coefficient of 0.145. Conclusion: Nose morphology in the Iranian population has a significant relationship with the sagittal dentoskeletal pattern. The measured parameters, except for nasal depth, were not correlated with the age of the subjects.
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[13] Perović T, Blažej Z, Jovanović I. The influence of antero-posterior dentoskeletal pattern on the value of nasal soft tissue angles: A cephalometric study. Folia Morphologica. 2021;80(3):657-64.
[14] Robison JM, Rinchuse DJ, Zullo TG. Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form. American journal of orthodontics. 1986;89(6):499-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(86)90008-4
[15] Amini F, Razavian ZS, Rakhshan V. Soft tissue cephalometric norms of Iranian class I adults with good occlusions and balanced faces. International orthodontics. 2016;14(1):108-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2015.12.003
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[17] Rakhshan V, Ghorbanyjavadpour F. Anteroposterior and vertical soft tissue cephalometric norms of Iranians, interethnic comparisons, sex dimorphism, and the effect of age on cephalometric variables. Oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2019;23:167-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-019-00755-4
[18] Taki AA, Oguz F, Abuhijleh E. Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. The Angle Orthodontist. 2009;79(3):491-4. https://doi.org/10.2319/020408-62.1
[19] Soheilifar S, Alafchi B, Molabashi V, Banisafar Z. Is There Any Difference in the Outcome of Growth Modification Treatment Between Class II Division 1 and 2 Malocclusions? Avicenna Journal of Dental Research. 2019;11(2):48-52.
[20] Shaw WC. The influence of children's dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults. American journal of orthodontics. 1981;79(4):399-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(81)90382-1
[21] Arnett GW, McLaughlin RP. Facial and dental planning for orthodontists and oral surgeons. (No Title). 2004.
[22] CHACONAS SJ, BARTROFF JD. Prediction of normal soft tissue facial changes. The Angle Orthodontist. 1975;45(1):12-25. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1975)045%3C0012:PONSTF%3E2.0.CO;2
[23] Jankowska A, Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Grocholewicz K. Nasal morphology and its correlation to craniofacial morphology in lateral cephalometric analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(6):3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063064
[24] Thakur G, Singla A, Jaj H, Mahajan V, Negi P, Justa A. To evaluate relationship between craniofacial structures and nose in Himachali ethnic population. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2016;8(4):193-8.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-4003.196815
[25] Khare V, Niwlikar KB. Effect of vertical maxillary skelatal pattern on nasal morphology in high and low angle cases. Int J Oral Health Med Res. 2017;3(6):75-9.
[26] Kothari Y. Growth/size of the nose in different skeletal and dental patterns. Master's thesis, Eastman Dental Center, Rochester, NY. 1981.
[27] Wisth P. Nose morphology in individuals with Angle Class I, Class II or Class III occlusions. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1975;33(1):53-7. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357509004627
[28] Bhardwaj A, Maurya R, Nehra K, Mitra R, Kamat U, Nakra O. Comparative evaluation of various nasal parameters in different malocclusion and growth patterns: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society. 2018;52(4):243-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/jios.jios_24_18
[29] Meng HP, Goorhuis J, Kapila S, Nanda RS. Growth changes in the nasal profile from 7 to 18 years of age. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1988;94(4):317-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(88)90057-1
[30] Sarilita E, Rynn C, Mossey PA, Black S, Oscandar F. Nose profile morphology and accuracy study of nose profile estimation method in Scottish subadult and Indonesian adult populations. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2018;132:923-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1758-4
[31] Albarakati S, Kula K, Ghoneima A. The reliability and reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of conventional and digital methods. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2012;41(1):11-7. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/37010910
[2] Ferneini EM. Facial cosmetic surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2021;79(9):1977-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2021.06.017
[3] Hopkins ZH, Moreno C, Secrest AM. Influence of social media on cosmetic procedure interest. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology. 2020;13(1):28.
[4] Plastic surgery statistics report 2022. American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS); 2022.
[5] Arian H, Alroudan D, Alkandari Q, Shuaib A. Cosmetic surgery and the diversity of cultural and ethnic perceptions of facial, breast, and gluteal aesthetics in women: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2023:1443-56.
[6] Jefferson Y. Facial beauty-establishing a universal standard. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS-MILWAUKEE-. 2004;15(1):9-26.
[7] Saraswathi P. The golden proportion and its application to the human face. European Journal of Anatomy. 2007;11(3):177.
[8] Sahoo R, Parihar AV, Chaturvedi T, Verma S. Relationship of Nasal Morphology With Different Dentoskeletal Patterns: A Systematic Review. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society. 2021;55(2):122-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301574221992189
[9] Sturm-O'Brien AK, Brissett AE, Brissett AE. Ethnic trends in facial plastic surgery. Facial Plastic Surgery. 2010;26(02):069-74.
[10] Nehra K, Sharma V. Nasal morphology as an indicator of vertical maxillary skeletal pattern. Journal of Orthodontics. 2009;36(3):160-6. https://doi.org/10.1179/14653120723148
[11] Prasad M, Chaitanya N, Reddy KPK, Talapaneni AK, Myla VB, Shetty SK. Evaluation of nasal morphology in predicting vertical and sagittal maxillary skeletal discrepancies’. European journal of dentistry. 2014;8(02):197-204. https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.130600
[12] Chaconas SJ. A statistical evaluation of nasal growth. American journal of orthodontics. 1969;56(4):403-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9416(69)80007-2
[13] Perović T, Blažej Z, Jovanović I. The influence of antero-posterior dentoskeletal pattern on the value of nasal soft tissue angles: A cephalometric study. Folia Morphologica. 2021;80(3):657-64.
[14] Robison JM, Rinchuse DJ, Zullo TG. Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form. American journal of orthodontics. 1986;89(6):499-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(86)90008-4
[15] Amini F, Razavian ZS, Rakhshan V. Soft tissue cephalometric norms of Iranian class I adults with good occlusions and balanced faces. International orthodontics. 2016;14(1):108-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2015.12.003
[16] Atashi MHA, Kachooei M. Soft tissue cephalometric standards based on NHP in a sample of Iranian adults. Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects. 2008;2(2):53. https://doi.org/10.5681%2Fjoddd.2008.011
[17] Rakhshan V, Ghorbanyjavadpour F. Anteroposterior and vertical soft tissue cephalometric norms of Iranians, interethnic comparisons, sex dimorphism, and the effect of age on cephalometric variables. Oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2019;23:167-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-019-00755-4
[18] Taki AA, Oguz F, Abuhijleh E. Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. The Angle Orthodontist. 2009;79(3):491-4. https://doi.org/10.2319/020408-62.1
[19] Soheilifar S, Alafchi B, Molabashi V, Banisafar Z. Is There Any Difference in the Outcome of Growth Modification Treatment Between Class II Division 1 and 2 Malocclusions? Avicenna Journal of Dental Research. 2019;11(2):48-52.
[20] Shaw WC. The influence of children's dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults. American journal of orthodontics. 1981;79(4):399-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(81)90382-1
[21] Arnett GW, McLaughlin RP. Facial and dental planning for orthodontists and oral surgeons. (No Title). 2004.
[22] CHACONAS SJ, BARTROFF JD. Prediction of normal soft tissue facial changes. The Angle Orthodontist. 1975;45(1):12-25. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1975)045%3C0012:PONSTF%3E2.0.CO;2
[23] Jankowska A, Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Grocholewicz K. Nasal morphology and its correlation to craniofacial morphology in lateral cephalometric analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(6):3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063064
[24] Thakur G, Singla A, Jaj H, Mahajan V, Negi P, Justa A. To evaluate relationship between craniofacial structures and nose in Himachali ethnic population. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2016;8(4):193-8.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-4003.196815
[25] Khare V, Niwlikar KB. Effect of vertical maxillary skelatal pattern on nasal morphology in high and low angle cases. Int J Oral Health Med Res. 2017;3(6):75-9.
[26] Kothari Y. Growth/size of the nose in different skeletal and dental patterns. Master's thesis, Eastman Dental Center, Rochester, NY. 1981.
[27] Wisth P. Nose morphology in individuals with Angle Class I, Class II or Class III occlusions. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1975;33(1):53-7. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357509004627
[28] Bhardwaj A, Maurya R, Nehra K, Mitra R, Kamat U, Nakra O. Comparative evaluation of various nasal parameters in different malocclusion and growth patterns: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society. 2018;52(4):243-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/jios.jios_24_18
[29] Meng HP, Goorhuis J, Kapila S, Nanda RS. Growth changes in the nasal profile from 7 to 18 years of age. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1988;94(4):317-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(88)90057-1
[30] Sarilita E, Rynn C, Mossey PA, Black S, Oscandar F. Nose profile morphology and accuracy study of nose profile estimation method in Scottish subadult and Indonesian adult populations. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2018;132:923-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1758-4
[31] Albarakati S, Kula K, Ghoneima A. The reliability and reproducibility of cephalometric measurements: a comparison of conventional and digital methods. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2012;41(1):11-7. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/37010910
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| Issue | Vol 11, No 4 (Autumn 2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v11i4.18711 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Age Cephalometry; Dentoskeletal pattern Face Nose | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Jahanbakhsh M, Ghaderi Namin A, Reyhani Z, Ahmadi F, Nourian A. Nasal Profile and Its Relationship with Sagittal Dentoskeletal Pattern and Age in Iranian Adults. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2025;11(4):232-239.
