Investigating the Correlation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c with Oral Streptococcus Mutans count in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
Introduction: The leading cause of tooth decay is Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Diabetes is also a condition that can impact the mouth’s microbiology and the composition of saliva. The studies on the relationship between these two variables are limited; therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and the count of mutans streptococci in the mouths of patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in the specialized diabetes clinic of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Sixty people with type 2 diabetes, non-smokers, who were willing to participate in the study to check the count of Streptococcus mutants, had samples collected from three different locations. Hemoglobin A1c and other relevant information were also extracted from the patients’ files, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24. Results: There were significant differences in Streptococcus mutans counts among the dorsal surface of the tongue, the gingival groove and the mandibular buccal vestibule (p=0.001), the buccal vestibule and the dorsal surface of the tongue (r=0.337, p=0.008) and the buccal vestibule of the lower jaw and the gingival groove (r=0.361, p=0.004). No significant relationship was observed between the number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria on the dorsal surface of the tongue and the gingival groove (r=-0.197, p=0.137).Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, although HbA1c is associated with poor control of diabetes mellitus, there was no significant correlation between Streptococcus mutans counts and HbA1c levels. Furthermore, it can be concluded that Streptococcus mutans counts are closely related to specific areas within the oral cavity. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Type 2; Glycated hemoglobin; Hb A1c; Streptococcus mutans.
1. Atlas D. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th edn Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. 2015; 33(2).
2. Committee ADAPP, Committee: ADAPP. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes care. 2022; 45(Supplement_1): S83-S96.
3. Deo PN, Deshmukh R. Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology. 2019; 23(1): 122-8.
4. Gao L, Xu T, Huang G, Jiang S, Gu Y, Chen F. Oral microbiomes: more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body. Protein & cell. 2018; 9(5): 488-500.
5. Atarashi K, Suda W, Luo C, Kawaguchi T, Motoo I, Narushima S, et al. Ectopic colonization of oral bacteria in the intestine drives TH1 cell induction and inflammation. Science. 2017; 358(6361): 359-65.
6. Fernandes Forte CP, Oliveira FAF, Lopes CdB, Alves APNN, Mota MRL, de Barros Silva PG, et al. Streptococcus mutans in atherosclerotic plaque: Molecular and immunohistochemical evaluations. Oral Diseases. 2022; 28(6): 1705-14.
7. Sabharwal A, Stellrecht E, Scannapieco FA. Associations between dental caries and systemic diseases: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21: 1-35.
8. Mohan D, Bhuvaneshwar Y, Jeyaram RM, Saravanan S, Amutha A. Dental caries and their relation to hba1c in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian journal of public health. 2022; 66(2): 206-9.
9. Mira P, Yeh P, Hall BG. Estimating microbial population data from optical density. PLoS One. 2022; 17(10): e0276040.
10. Jazaeri Jonghani M, Abdolsamadi H, Farmany A, Soltanian A, Borzouei S, Samie L, et al. Salivary Lysozyme and Glycosylated Lysozyme Levels of Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Comparison with Healthy Individuals. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. 2023; 42(10): 3373-81.
11. Abd-Elraheem SE, Mansour HH. Salivary changes in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2017; 11: S637-S41.
12. Peng X, Cheng L, You Y, Tang C, Ren B, Li Y, et al. Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases. International journal of oral science. 2022; 14(1): 14.
13. Isola G. The impact of diet, nutrition and nutraceuticals on oral and periodontal health. MDPI; 2020. p. 2724.
14. Angarita‐Díaz MdP, Fong C, Bedoya‐Correa CM, Cabrera‐Arango CL. Does high sugar intake really alter the oral microbiota?: A systematic review. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research. 2022; 8(6): 1376-90.
15. Sharma N, Bhatia S, Sodhi AS, Batra N. Oral microbiome and health. AIMS microbiology. 2018; 4(1): 42.
16. Almeida-Santos A, Martins-Mendes D, Gayà-Vidal M, Pérez-Pardal L, Beja-Pereira A. Characterization of the oral microbiome of medicated type-2 diabetes patients. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021; 12: 610370.
17. Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM, Lalla E. A review of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2013; 40: S113-S34.
18. Jensen ED, Selway CA, Allen G, Bednarz J, Weyrich LS, Gue S, et al. Early markers of periodontal disease and altered oral microbiota are associated with glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric diabetes. 2021; 22(3): 474-81.
19. Ganesan SM, Joshi V, Fellows M, Dabdoub SM, Nagaraja HN, O’Donnell B, et al. A tale of two risks: smoking, diabetes and the subgingival microbiome. The ISME journal. 2017; 11(9): 2075-89.
2. Committee ADAPP, Committee: ADAPP. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes care. 2022; 45(Supplement_1): S83-S96.
3. Deo PN, Deshmukh R. Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology. 2019; 23(1): 122-8.
4. Gao L, Xu T, Huang G, Jiang S, Gu Y, Chen F. Oral microbiomes: more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body. Protein & cell. 2018; 9(5): 488-500.
5. Atarashi K, Suda W, Luo C, Kawaguchi T, Motoo I, Narushima S, et al. Ectopic colonization of oral bacteria in the intestine drives TH1 cell induction and inflammation. Science. 2017; 358(6361): 359-65.
6. Fernandes Forte CP, Oliveira FAF, Lopes CdB, Alves APNN, Mota MRL, de Barros Silva PG, et al. Streptococcus mutans in atherosclerotic plaque: Molecular and immunohistochemical evaluations. Oral Diseases. 2022; 28(6): 1705-14.
7. Sabharwal A, Stellrecht E, Scannapieco FA. Associations between dental caries and systemic diseases: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21: 1-35.
8. Mohan D, Bhuvaneshwar Y, Jeyaram RM, Saravanan S, Amutha A. Dental caries and their relation to hba1c in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian journal of public health. 2022; 66(2): 206-9.
9. Mira P, Yeh P, Hall BG. Estimating microbial population data from optical density. PLoS One. 2022; 17(10): e0276040.
10. Jazaeri Jonghani M, Abdolsamadi H, Farmany A, Soltanian A, Borzouei S, Samie L, et al. Salivary Lysozyme and Glycosylated Lysozyme Levels of Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Comparison with Healthy Individuals. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. 2023; 42(10): 3373-81.
11. Abd-Elraheem SE, Mansour HH. Salivary changes in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2017; 11: S637-S41.
12. Peng X, Cheng L, You Y, Tang C, Ren B, Li Y, et al. Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases. International journal of oral science. 2022; 14(1): 14.
13. Isola G. The impact of diet, nutrition and nutraceuticals on oral and periodontal health. MDPI; 2020. p. 2724.
14. Angarita‐Díaz MdP, Fong C, Bedoya‐Correa CM, Cabrera‐Arango CL. Does high sugar intake really alter the oral microbiota?: A systematic review. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research. 2022; 8(6): 1376-90.
15. Sharma N, Bhatia S, Sodhi AS, Batra N. Oral microbiome and health. AIMS microbiology. 2018; 4(1): 42.
16. Almeida-Santos A, Martins-Mendes D, Gayà-Vidal M, Pérez-Pardal L, Beja-Pereira A. Characterization of the oral microbiome of medicated type-2 diabetes patients. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021; 12: 610370.
17. Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM, Lalla E. A review of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2013; 40: S113-S34.
18. Jensen ED, Selway CA, Allen G, Bednarz J, Weyrich LS, Gue S, et al. Early markers of periodontal disease and altered oral microbiota are associated with glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric diabetes. 2021; 22(3): 474-81.
19. Ganesan SM, Joshi V, Fellows M, Dabdoub SM, Nagaraja HN, O’Donnell B, et al. A tale of two risks: smoking, diabetes and the subgingival microbiome. The ISME journal. 2017; 11(9): 2075-89.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12, No 1 (Winter 2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diabetes mellitus; Type 2; Glycated hemoglobin; Hb A1c; Streptococcus mutans. | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Soleimani S, Jazaeri M, Borzoui S, Khazaei S, Pourgholi Takrami Z. Investigating the Correlation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c with Oral Streptococcus Mutans count in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2025;12(1):26-32.
