The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Rhinoplasty: Narrative Literature Review
Abstract
Introduction: Rhinoplasty remains one of the most technically demanding procedures in facial plastic surgery. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with po-tential to address longstanding challenges in surgical subjectivity, outcome prediction, and patient communication. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on AI applications across all phases of rhinoplasty care—from preoperative simulation and patient counseling to in-traoperative guidance and postoperative outcome assessment—while critically exam-ining persistent limitations and ethical considerations. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2026. Thirty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria.Results: AI applications span five principal domains: preoperative planning and simulation; aes-thetic analysis and attractiveness quantification; large language model–based patient counseling; intraoperative guidance and augmented reality; and postoperative outcome evaluation. Reported model accuracies ranged from 82% to 97%. Large language mod-els performed comparably or superiorly to expert surgeons in structured counseling eval-uations. Conclusion: AI offers substantial promise for enhancing precision and reproducibility in rhinoplasty, but algorithmic bias, limited dataset diversity, absence of prospective validation, and unresolved ethical concerns currently restrict widespread clinical adoption. AI should be regarded as a powerful adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, surgical expertise. Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Rhinoplasty; Machine learning; Deep learning; Large language model; Surgical simulation; Outcome prediction; Facial plastic surgery.
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17. Castilho LR, Sundefeld MLMM, De Andrade DF, Panzarini SR, Poi WR. Evaluation of sixth grade primary schoolchildren’s knowledge about avulsion and dental reimplantation. Dent Trauma. 2009;25(4):429-32.
18. Rice SG, Medicine CoS, Fitness. Medical conditions affecting sports participation. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):841-8.
19. Dhindsa A, Singh G, Garg S, Kour G, Kaur A, Loomba A, et al. Knowledge regarding avulsion, reimplantation and mouthguards in high school children: Organised sports-related orodental injuries. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(11):3706-12.
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22. Spodzieja K, Mól W, Piekoszewska–Ziętek P, Studnicki M, Olczak-Kowalczyk D. Knowledge of first-aid management of traumatic dental injuries among secondary school students in Central Poland: a cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J. 2026;38(2):15.
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25. Andersson L, Al‐Asfour A, Al‐Jame Q. Knowledge of first‐aid measures of avulsion and replantation of teeth: an interview of 221 Kuwaiti schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2006;22(2):57-65.
2. Azami-Aghdash S, Azar FE, Azar FP, Rezapour A, Moradi-Joo M, Moosavi A, et al. Prevalence, etiology, and types of dental trauma in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29(4):234.
3. Aminu K, Kanmodi KK, Amzat J, Salami AA, Uwambaye P. School-based interventions on dental trauma: a scoping review of empirical evidence. Children (Basel). 2023;10(5):797.
4. Petti S, Glendor U, Andersson L. World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta‐analysis—One billion living people have had traumatic dental injuries. Dent Traumatol. 2018;34(2):71-86.
5. Lam R. Epidemiology and outcomes of traumatic dental injuries: a review of the literature. Aust Dent J. 2016;61:4-20.
6. Khoshnevisan M, Ghasemianpour M, Samadzadeh H, Baez R. Oral health status and healthcare system in IR Iran. J Contemp Med Sci. 2018;4(3):107-18.
7. Nowosielska M, Bagińska J, Kobus A, Kierklo A. How to Educate the Public about Dental Trauma—A Scoping Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):2479.
8. Hashim R, Luke AM, Salah A, Mathew S. Traumatic dental injuries in permanent teeth among Arab children: prevalence, and associated risk factors—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2024;12:e18366.
9. Antunes LS, Debossan PF, Bohrer LS, Abreu FV, Quintanilha LELP, Antunes LAA. Impact of traumatic dental injury on the quality-of-life of children and adolescents: a case-control study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(5):1123-8.
10. El-Kalla IH, Shalan HM, Bakr RA. Impact of dental trauma on quality of life among 11–14 years schoolchildren. Contemp Clin Dent. 2017;8(4):538-44.
11. Milani AJ, Castilho T, Assaf AV, Antunes LS, Antunes LAA. Impact of traumatic dental injury treatment on the oral health‐related quality of life of children, adolescents, and their family: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Dent Trauma. 2021;37(6):735-48.
12. Rouijel S, Bouchouk M, Zidane FE, Toure B. Awareness, knowledge and attitudes toward management of avulsed permanent incisors among primary school teachers. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2024:267-72.
13. Tewari N, Goel S, Srivastav S, Mathur VP, Rahul M, Haldar P, et al. Global status of knowledge of parents for emergency management of traumatic dental injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Dent. 2023;24(2):91-.
14. Alshubat A, Bantan FS, AlNasser Y, Alhejji MT, Alsuwailem SH, Alibrahim MI, et al. Awareness and Knowledge of Tooth Reimplantation After Avulsion Among Dental and Non-dental Populations: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2025;17(12).
15. Adekoya-Sofowora C, Oziegbe E, Ugboko V, Akinbade A. Knowledge of first aid measure of avulsion and replantation of teeth in Nigerian school children. Inter J Dent Sci. 2008;7(1):11-20.
16. Al Zaher N, Dashash M. An educational intervention for improving knowledge of Syrian school children about avulsion using the" save your tooth" poster. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):1-6.
17. Castilho LR, Sundefeld MLMM, De Andrade DF, Panzarini SR, Poi WR. Evaluation of sixth grade primary schoolchildren’s knowledge about avulsion and dental reimplantation. Dent Trauma. 2009;25(4):429-32.
18. Rice SG, Medicine CoS, Fitness. Medical conditions affecting sports participation. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):841-8.
19. Dhindsa A, Singh G, Garg S, Kour G, Kaur A, Loomba A, et al. Knowledge regarding avulsion, reimplantation and mouthguards in high school children: Organised sports-related orodental injuries. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(11):3706-12.
20. Goswami M, Kumar P, Bhushan U. Evaluation of knowledge, awareness, and occurrence of dental injuries in participant children during sports in New Delhi: A pilot study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017;10(4):373.
21. Shenoy N, Kaur S, Kini K S, Shetty N, Lakshmi R V. Knowledge, Attitude, and Awareness of Adolescents on the Emergency Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries. Dent. J. 2026;14(3):182.
22. Spodzieja K, Mól W, Piekoszewska–Ziętek P, Studnicki M, Olczak-Kowalczyk D. Knowledge of first-aid management of traumatic dental injuries among secondary school students in Central Poland: a cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J. 2026;38(2):15.
23. Young C, Wong KY, Cheung LK. A survey on Hong Kong secondary school students' knowledge of emergency management of dental trauma. PloS One. 2014;9(1):e84406.
24. Eigbobo JO, Etim SS. An Assessment of Emergency Care Following Tooth Avulsion among a selected population of Nigerian school children. Interv. Pediatr. Dent. Open Access J. 2020; 3(5):265-70.
25. Andersson L, Al‐Asfour A, Al‐Jame Q. Knowledge of first‐aid measures of avulsion and replantation of teeth: an interview of 221 Kuwaiti schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2006;22(2):57-65.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13, No 3 (Summer 2026) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Artificial intelligence; Rhinoplasty; Machine learning; Deep learning; Large language model; Surgical simulation; Outcome prediction; Facial plastic surgery. | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Montazerlotf M, Dehghani N. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Rhinoplasty: Narrative Literature Review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2026;13(3):279-288.
