Bilateral wide mental foramina an incidental finding in an asymptomatic patient: A case report & mini literature review
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Abstract
The mandibular canal and the mental foramina are constant structures that remain largely bilaterally symmetrical except for variations in shape and size within certain limits. Structural alterations such as enlargement of mental foramen and the mandibular canal are rare and usually recorded as incidental finding on plain radiographs. This enlargement may be associated with multiple factors. We present a unique case of bilateral wide mental foramina with enlarged mandibular canal in a 56-year-old asymptomatic male. Keywords: Mental foramen; Anatomical variation; Mandibular canal; Cone beam computedtomography (CBCT); Nerve enlargement.
[1] A Ramadhan, E Messo, Jan-M Hirsch, Anatomical Variation of Mental Foramen. A case report Stomatologija, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal, 2010, Vol. 12, No. 3
[2] Aher V, Pillai P, Ali MF, Mustafa M, Ahire M, Mudhol A, Kadri M. Anatomical Position of Mental foramen: A Review. Glob J Med Public Health. 2012 Jan-Fe; 1(1):61-4.
[3] Alam MK, Alhabib S, Alzarea BK, Irshad M, Faruqi S, Sghaireen MG, Patil S, Basri R. 3D CBCT morphometric assessment of mental foramen in Arabic population and global comparison: imperative for invasive and non-invasive procedures in mandible. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018 Mar; 76(2):98-104.
[4] Anderson LC, Kosinski TF, Mentag PJ. A review of the intraosseous course of the nerves of the mandible. J Oral Implantol. 1991; 17(4):394-403.
[5] Ari I Kafa IM, Basar Z, Kurt M A. The localization and anthropometry of mental foramen on late Byzantine mandibles. Coll. Antropol. 2005; 29:233-236.
[6] Bagatin M, Orihovac Z and Mohammed AM: Perineural invasion by carcinoma of the lower lip. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 23: 155-159, 1995.
[7] Bavitz JB, Harn SD, Hansen CA, Lang M. An anatomical study of mental neurovascular bundle implant relationships. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1993; 8: 563-573.
[8] Becktor KB, Becktor JP, Karnes PS and Keller EE: Craniofacial and dental manifestations of Proteus syndrome: A case report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 39: 233-245, 2002.
[9] Bello, Seidu Adebayo et al. “Mental Foramen Size, Position and Symmetry in a Multi-Ethnic, Urban Black Population: Radiographic Evidence.” Journal of oral & maxillofacial research vol. 9,4 e2. 30 Dec. 2018, doi:10.5037/jomr.2018.9402.
[10] Bokhari K, Shahrani AA, Mustafa AB, Hdban Y, Saleh M, Mofareh A. Position of Mental Foramen among Saudi Population: A Radiographic Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2016 Jul-Dec; 5(2):109-12.
[11] Buric N, Jovanovic G, Radovanovic Z, Buric M and Tijanic M: Radiographic enlargement of mandibular canal as first feature of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 39: 383-388,2010.
[12] Cutright B, Quillopa N, Schubert W. An anthropometric analysis of the key foramina for maxillofacial surgery. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2003; 61:354-357.
[13] Ellis GL, Abrams AM and Melrose RJ: Intraosseous benign neural sheath neoplasms of the jaws. Report of seven new cases and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 44: 731-743,1977.
[14] Feritas V, Madeira MC, Teixeira Pinto, C, Zorzetto NL. Direction of the mental canal in human mandibles. Austr.dent.J.1976; 21:338-340.
[15] Gerlach NL, Ghaeminia H, Bronkhorst EM, Berge SJ, Meijer GJ and Maal TJ: Accuracy of assessing the mandibular canal on cone-beam computed tomography: a validation study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 72: 666-671, 2014.
[16] Hakkou F, Chbicheb S and El Wady W: Enlargement of mandibular canal and lower lip hypoesthesia revealing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the mandible. Odontostomatol Trop 39: 9-14, 2016.
[17] Juodzbalys G, Wang HL, Sabalys G. Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part II: Mandibular Incisive Canal, Mental Foramen and Associated Neurovascular Bundles in Relation with Dental Implantology. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2010 Apr 1; 1(1): e3.
[18] Juodzbalys G, Wang HL, Sabalys G. Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part I: Mandibular Canal and Inferior Alveolar Neurovascular Bundle in relation with Dental Implantology. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2010 (Jan-Mar); 1(1): e2.
[19] K. Matsumoto, M. Araki, and K. Honda, “Bilateral absence of the mental foramen detected by cone beam computed tomography,” Oral Radiology,
vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 198–201, 2013.
[20] L Munhoz, F P M Marsan, E S Arita, Radiographic Enlargement of Mandibular Canal as an Extranodal Primary Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Early Sign in an Asymptomatic Patient. Case Reports in Dentistry Volume 2017, Article ID 9193165, 4 pages.
[21] Lee L, Yan YH, Pharoah MJ. Radiographic features of the mandible in neurofibromatosis: a report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996; 81:361-7.
[22] Martensson G and Yden S: Technique for visualization of the mental foramen: A case of an expanding soft tissue tumor in the mental foramen. Acta Radiol 42: 266-268, 1954.
[23] McDonnell D, Nouri M.R., Todd M. The mandibular lingual foramen: a consistent arterial foramen in the middle of the mandible, J Anat .1994; 184:369–371.
[24] Minowa K, Sakakibara N, Yoshikawa K, Ohmori K, Kitagawa Y, Inoue N, Totsuka Y and Nakamura M: CT and MRI findings of intraosseous schwannoma of the mandible: A case report. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 36: 113-116, 2007.
[25] Mortazavi H, Baharvand M, Safi Y, Dalaie K, Behnaz M, Safari F. Common conditions associated with mandibular canal widening: A literature review. Imaging Sci Dent. 2019 Jun; 49(2):87-95.
[26] Munhoz L, Marsan FP and Arita ES: Radiographic enlargement of mandibular canal as an extranodal primary Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma early sign in an asymptomatic patient. Case Rep Dent 2017: 9193165, 2017.
[27] N. Buric, G. Jovanovic, Z. Radovanovic, M. Buric, and M. Tijanic, “Radiographic enlargement of mandibular canal as first feature of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 383–388, 2010.
[28] Naitoh M, Hiraiwa Y, Aimiya H, Gotoh K, Ariji E. Accessory mental foramen assessment using cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Feb; 107(2):289-94. Epub 2008 Dec 13.
[29] Phillips, John L. et al. “The mental foramen: 1. Size, orientation, and positional relationship to the mandibular second premolar.” Journal of endodontics 16 5 (1990): 221-3.
[30] R E Friedrich, J Matschke, W Wilczak, Unilaterally Enlarged Mandibular Foramina and Canal Associated with Hyperplastic Lymphatic Tissue of Inferior Alveolar Nerve: Case Report and Short Literature Survey. Anticancer Research 39: 3991- 4002 (2019).
[31] Sciubba JJ and Sachs SA: Schwannoma of the inferior alveolar nerve in association with the organ of Chievitz. J Oral Pathol 9: 16-28, 1980.
[32] Sundar GT, Sherigar V, Shetty SS, Satya S and Gohil SM: Mandibular canal widening and Bell’s palsy: Sequelae of perineural invasion in oral cancer. Case Rep Dent 2016: 3010934, 2016.
[33] T Hasan. Characteristics of The Mental Foramen in Different Populations. The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 2010 Volume 4 Number 2.
[34] T. Hasan, M. Fauzi, andD.Hasan, “Bilateral absence of mental foramen—a rare variation postoperative,” International Journal of Anatomical Variations, vol. 3, pp. 167–169, 2010.
[35] T. Yamada, Y. Kitagawa, T. Ogasawara, S. Yamamoto, Y. Ishii, and Y. Urasaki, “Enlargement of mandibular canal without hypesthesia caused by extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 388–392, 2000.
[36] Tebo HG and Telford IR: An analysis of the variations in position of the mental foramen. Anat Rec 107: 61-66, 1950.
[37] Toh H, Kodama J, Yanagisako M, Ohmori T. Anatomical study of the accessory mental foramen and the distribution of its nerve. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1992; 69:85-87.
[38] V. M. Vartiainen, M. Siponen, T. Salo, J. Rosberg, and M. Apaja-Sarkkinen, “Widening of the inferior alveolar canal: a case report with atypical lymphocytic infiltration of the nerve,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. e35–e39, 2008.
[39] Vartiainen VM, Siponen M, Salo T, Rosberg J, Apaja-Sarkkinen M. Widening of the inferior alveolar canal: a case report with atypical lymphocytic infiltration of the nerve. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2008 Oct; 106(4): e35-9.
[40] Williams FL, Krovitz GE. Ontogenetic migration of the mental foramen in Neandertals and modern humans. J Hum Evol. 2004; 47(4):199-219.
[41] Yamada T, Kitagawa Y, Ogasawara T, Yamamoto S, Ishii Y, Urasaki Y. Enlargement of mandibular canal without hypesthesia caused by extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 89:38-92.
[2] Aher V, Pillai P, Ali MF, Mustafa M, Ahire M, Mudhol A, Kadri M. Anatomical Position of Mental foramen: A Review. Glob J Med Public Health. 2012 Jan-Fe; 1(1):61-4.
[3] Alam MK, Alhabib S, Alzarea BK, Irshad M, Faruqi S, Sghaireen MG, Patil S, Basri R. 3D CBCT morphometric assessment of mental foramen in Arabic population and global comparison: imperative for invasive and non-invasive procedures in mandible. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018 Mar; 76(2):98-104.
[4] Anderson LC, Kosinski TF, Mentag PJ. A review of the intraosseous course of the nerves of the mandible. J Oral Implantol. 1991; 17(4):394-403.
[5] Ari I Kafa IM, Basar Z, Kurt M A. The localization and anthropometry of mental foramen on late Byzantine mandibles. Coll. Antropol. 2005; 29:233-236.
[6] Bagatin M, Orihovac Z and Mohammed AM: Perineural invasion by carcinoma of the lower lip. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 23: 155-159, 1995.
[7] Bavitz JB, Harn SD, Hansen CA, Lang M. An anatomical study of mental neurovascular bundle implant relationships. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 1993; 8: 563-573.
[8] Becktor KB, Becktor JP, Karnes PS and Keller EE: Craniofacial and dental manifestations of Proteus syndrome: A case report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 39: 233-245, 2002.
[9] Bello, Seidu Adebayo et al. “Mental Foramen Size, Position and Symmetry in a Multi-Ethnic, Urban Black Population: Radiographic Evidence.” Journal of oral & maxillofacial research vol. 9,4 e2. 30 Dec. 2018, doi:10.5037/jomr.2018.9402.
[10] Bokhari K, Shahrani AA, Mustafa AB, Hdban Y, Saleh M, Mofareh A. Position of Mental Foramen among Saudi Population: A Radiographic Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2016 Jul-Dec; 5(2):109-12.
[11] Buric N, Jovanovic G, Radovanovic Z, Buric M and Tijanic M: Radiographic enlargement of mandibular canal as first feature of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 39: 383-388,2010.
[12] Cutright B, Quillopa N, Schubert W. An anthropometric analysis of the key foramina for maxillofacial surgery. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 2003; 61:354-357.
[13] Ellis GL, Abrams AM and Melrose RJ: Intraosseous benign neural sheath neoplasms of the jaws. Report of seven new cases and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 44: 731-743,1977.
[14] Feritas V, Madeira MC, Teixeira Pinto, C, Zorzetto NL. Direction of the mental canal in human mandibles. Austr.dent.J.1976; 21:338-340.
[15] Gerlach NL, Ghaeminia H, Bronkhorst EM, Berge SJ, Meijer GJ and Maal TJ: Accuracy of assessing the mandibular canal on cone-beam computed tomography: a validation study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 72: 666-671, 2014.
[16] Hakkou F, Chbicheb S and El Wady W: Enlargement of mandibular canal and lower lip hypoesthesia revealing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the mandible. Odontostomatol Trop 39: 9-14, 2016.
[17] Juodzbalys G, Wang HL, Sabalys G. Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part II: Mandibular Incisive Canal, Mental Foramen and Associated Neurovascular Bundles in Relation with Dental Implantology. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2010 Apr 1; 1(1): e3.
[18] Juodzbalys G, Wang HL, Sabalys G. Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part I: Mandibular Canal and Inferior Alveolar Neurovascular Bundle in relation with Dental Implantology. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2010 (Jan-Mar); 1(1): e2.
[19] K. Matsumoto, M. Araki, and K. Honda, “Bilateral absence of the mental foramen detected by cone beam computed tomography,” Oral Radiology,
vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 198–201, 2013.
[20] L Munhoz, F P M Marsan, E S Arita, Radiographic Enlargement of Mandibular Canal as an Extranodal Primary Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Early Sign in an Asymptomatic Patient. Case Reports in Dentistry Volume 2017, Article ID 9193165, 4 pages.
[21] Lee L, Yan YH, Pharoah MJ. Radiographic features of the mandible in neurofibromatosis: a report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996; 81:361-7.
[22] Martensson G and Yden S: Technique for visualization of the mental foramen: A case of an expanding soft tissue tumor in the mental foramen. Acta Radiol 42: 266-268, 1954.
[23] McDonnell D, Nouri M.R., Todd M. The mandibular lingual foramen: a consistent arterial foramen in the middle of the mandible, J Anat .1994; 184:369–371.
[24] Minowa K, Sakakibara N, Yoshikawa K, Ohmori K, Kitagawa Y, Inoue N, Totsuka Y and Nakamura M: CT and MRI findings of intraosseous schwannoma of the mandible: A case report. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 36: 113-116, 2007.
[25] Mortazavi H, Baharvand M, Safi Y, Dalaie K, Behnaz M, Safari F. Common conditions associated with mandibular canal widening: A literature review. Imaging Sci Dent. 2019 Jun; 49(2):87-95.
[26] Munhoz L, Marsan FP and Arita ES: Radiographic enlargement of mandibular canal as an extranodal primary Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma early sign in an asymptomatic patient. Case Rep Dent 2017: 9193165, 2017.
[27] N. Buric, G. Jovanovic, Z. Radovanovic, M. Buric, and M. Tijanic, “Radiographic enlargement of mandibular canal as first feature of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 383–388, 2010.
[28] Naitoh M, Hiraiwa Y, Aimiya H, Gotoh K, Ariji E. Accessory mental foramen assessment using cone-beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Feb; 107(2):289-94. Epub 2008 Dec 13.
[29] Phillips, John L. et al. “The mental foramen: 1. Size, orientation, and positional relationship to the mandibular second premolar.” Journal of endodontics 16 5 (1990): 221-3.
[30] R E Friedrich, J Matschke, W Wilczak, Unilaterally Enlarged Mandibular Foramina and Canal Associated with Hyperplastic Lymphatic Tissue of Inferior Alveolar Nerve: Case Report and Short Literature Survey. Anticancer Research 39: 3991- 4002 (2019).
[31] Sciubba JJ and Sachs SA: Schwannoma of the inferior alveolar nerve in association with the organ of Chievitz. J Oral Pathol 9: 16-28, 1980.
[32] Sundar GT, Sherigar V, Shetty SS, Satya S and Gohil SM: Mandibular canal widening and Bell’s palsy: Sequelae of perineural invasion in oral cancer. Case Rep Dent 2016: 3010934, 2016.
[33] T Hasan. Characteristics of The Mental Foramen in Different Populations. The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 2010 Volume 4 Number 2.
[34] T. Hasan, M. Fauzi, andD.Hasan, “Bilateral absence of mental foramen—a rare variation postoperative,” International Journal of Anatomical Variations, vol. 3, pp. 167–169, 2010.
[35] T. Yamada, Y. Kitagawa, T. Ogasawara, S. Yamamoto, Y. Ishii, and Y. Urasaki, “Enlargement of mandibular canal without hypesthesia caused by extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 388–392, 2000.
[36] Tebo HG and Telford IR: An analysis of the variations in position of the mental foramen. Anat Rec 107: 61-66, 1950.
[37] Toh H, Kodama J, Yanagisako M, Ohmori T. Anatomical study of the accessory mental foramen and the distribution of its nerve. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1992; 69:85-87.
[38] V. M. Vartiainen, M. Siponen, T. Salo, J. Rosberg, and M. Apaja-Sarkkinen, “Widening of the inferior alveolar canal: a case report with atypical lymphocytic infiltration of the nerve,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. e35–e39, 2008.
[39] Vartiainen VM, Siponen M, Salo T, Rosberg J, Apaja-Sarkkinen M. Widening of the inferior alveolar canal: a case report with atypical lymphocytic infiltration of the nerve. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2008 Oct; 106(4): e35-9.
[40] Williams FL, Krovitz GE. Ontogenetic migration of the mental foramen in Neandertals and modern humans. J Hum Evol. 2004; 47(4):199-219.
[41] Yamada T, Kitagawa Y, Ogasawara T, Yamamoto S, Ishii Y, Urasaki Y. Enlargement of mandibular canal without hypesthesia caused by extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 89:38-92.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7, No 2 (Spring 2020) | |
| Section | Case Report & Mini Literature Review | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v7i2.4507 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Mental foramen Anatomical variation Mandibular canal Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) Nerve enlargement | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Nyer Firdoose CS, Alsaleh M. Bilateral wide mental foramina an incidental finding in an asymptomatic patient: A case report & mini literature review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2020;7(2):91-97.
