Evaluation of pharmaceutical use of chamomile in dentistry: A review
pharmaceutical use of chamomile in dentistry
,
Abstract
Introduction: Oral mucosa is one of the body’s most sensitive tissues. Due to the prevalence of oral ulcers and the effect of cancers on the oral mucosa, treating oral lesions is particularly important. Matricaria chamomilla is widely used in traditional medicine. Chamomile compounds have antibacterial، antiviral, anti-inflammatory and accelerate epithelialization. However no systematic study has been undertaken on the application of chamomile in treating oral lesions. Therefore this study aims to determine the medicinal use of chamomile in dentistry. Materials and Methods: This systematic review searched major international electronic databases, including PubMed, ISI and Scopus, from August 1998 to August 2021. The articles included in this review were clinical trials in which the participants used chamomile as a mouthwash or gel. Results: In this study, the therapeutic effects of chamomile were evaluated in 14 clinical trial studies. Most of the studies reviewed in the articles referred to the properties of flavonoid compounds with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of chamomile. Conclusion: Today, medicinal plants are used in treatment and one of the most common plants used for medicinal purposes is chamomile. It is used in dentistry, and its positive effects on plaque, gingivitis, caries, mucositis and its antibacterial effects have been reported. Keywords: Chamomilla; Oral mucosa; Systematic review.
References
1. Zakiawati D, Nur'aeny N, Setiadhi R. Distribution of oral ulceration cases in oral medicine integrated installation of Universitas padjadjaran dental hospital. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. 2020;32(3):237-42.
2. Yogarajah S, Setterfield J. Mouth ulcers and diseases of the oral cavity. Medicine. 2021;49(7):407-13.
3. Fourie J, Boy S. Oral mucosal ulceration-a clinician’s guide to diagnosis and treatment. South African Dental Journal. 2016;71(10):500-8.
4. Dayakar M, Pai PG, Sooranagi RPM, Vijayan V, Waheed A. Chemical burns of gingiva and its management. SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences. 2018;9(4):174.
5. Borna R. Effects of mucoadhessive paste of chlorhexidine and betamethasone on oral ulcer recovery process in rats. Wounds: a Compendium of Clinical Research and Practice. 2013;25(4):104-12.
6. Hunter M, Kellett J, D’Cunha NM, Toohey K, McKune A, Naumovski N. The effect of honey as a treatment for oral ulcerative lesions: a systematic review. Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. 2020;5(1):27-37.
7. Vaishnavi Burley D, Biyani D, Umekar M, Naidu N. Medicinal plants for treatment of ulcer: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2021;9(4):51-9.
8. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2005;14(2):467-75.
9. Rodríguez-Caballero A, Torres-Lagares D, Robles-García M, Pachón-Ibáñez J, González-Padilla D, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL. Cancer treatment-induced oral mucositis: a critical review. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2012;41(2):225-38.
10. Aghamohamamdi A, Hosseinimehr SJ. Natural products for management of oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Integrative cancer therapies. 2016;15(1):60-8.
11. Ardakani MT, Ghassemi S, Mehdizadeh M, Mojab F, Salamzadeh J, Ghassemi S, et al. Evaluating the effect of Matricaria recutita and Mentha piperita herbal mouthwash on management of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2016;29:29-34.
12. Mimica-Dukić N, Božin B, Soković M, Mihajlović B, Matavulj M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta medica. 2003;69(05):413-9.
13. Telrandhe UB, Lokhande RR, Lodhe VN, Kosalge SB, Parihar S, Sharma D. Review on Herbal Drugs used in Dental Care Management. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2021;9(6):71-9.
14. Motaghi M, Darbandi B, Baghersalimi A. Comparative effect of chamomile mouthwash and topical mouth rinse in prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in Iranian pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer. 2017;9(3):84-8.
15. Goes P, Dutra CS, Lisboa MR, Gondim DV, Leitão R, Brito GA, et al. Clinical efficacy of a 1% Matricaria chamomile L. mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine for gingivitis control in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Journal of Oral Science. 2016;58(4):569-74.
16. Pourabbas R, Delazar A. The effect of German chamomile mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2010(2):105-9.
17. Blumenthal M. The ABC clinical guide to herbs: American Botanical Council; 2003.
18. Elhadad MA, El‐Negoumy E, Taalab MR, Ibrahim RS, Elsaka RO. The effect of topical chamomile in the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced oral mucositis: A randomized clinical trial. Oral Diseases. 2022;28(1):164-72.
19. Batista ALA, Lins RDAU, de Souza Coelho R, do Nascimento Barbosa D, Belém NM, Celestino FJA. Clinical efficacy analysis of the mouth rinsing with pomegranate and chamomile plant extracts in the gingival bleeding reduction. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2014;20(1):93-8.
20. Chen Y, Wong RW, McGrath C, Hagg U, Seneviratne CJ. Natural compounds containing mouthrinses in the management of dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Clinical oral investigations. 2014;18(1):1-16.
21. de ALBUQUERQUE ACL, PEREIRA MdSV, PEREIRA JV, COSTA MRM, PEREIRA LF, HIGINO JS. Antimicrobial effect of Matricaria recutita Linn.(chamomile) extract against Dental Biofilm Microorganisms. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada. 2011;10(3):451-5.
22. Jain N, Rajwar YC, Batra M, Singh HP, Bhandari R, Agarwal P. Dentistry: turning towards herbal alternatives: a review. Sch J App Med Sci. 2014;2(1):253-7.
23. Taheri JB, Azimi S, Rafieian N, Zanjani HA. Herbs in dentistry. International dental journal. 2011;61(6):287-96.
24. Baskran RNR, Lakshmanan R. Assessment of effect of chamomile oil on dental anxiety for patients undergoing extraction–A randomized controlled trial. Drug Invention Today. 2019;11(8).
25. Freires IA, Rosalen PL. How natural product research has contributed to oral care product development? A critical view. Pharmaceutical research. 2016;33(6):1311-7.
26. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981− 2002. Journal of natural products. 2003;66(7):1022-37.
27. Koehn FE, Carter GT. The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2005;4(3):206-20.
1. 28. Mehta S, Pesapathy S, Joseph M, Tiwari PK, Chawla S. Comparative evaluation of a herbal mouthwash (Freshol) with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary Streptococcus mutans growth. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2013;3(1):25.
29. Shah R, Gayathri G, Mehta DS. Application of herbal products in management of periodontal diseases: A mini review. International Journal of Oral Health Sciences. 2015;5(1):38.
30. Jones WP, Chin Y-W, Kinghorn AD. The role of pharmacognosy in modern medicine and pharmacy. Current drug targets. 2006;7(3):247-64.
31. Philp RB. Herbal remedies: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2004;1(1).
32. Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental health perspectives. 2001;109(suppl 1):69-75.
33. Gonsalves WC, Wrightston AS, Henry RG. Common oral conditions in older persons. American family physician. 2008;78(7):845-52.
34. Abebe W. Review of herbal medications with the potential to cause bleeding: dental implications, and risk prediction and prevention avenues. EPMA Journal. 2019;10(1):51-64.
35. Glowania H, Raulin C, Swoboda M. Effect of chamomile on wound healing--a clinical double-blind study. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten. 1987;62(17):1262, 7-71.
36. Morales‐Bozo I, Ortega‐Pinto A, Rojas Alcayaga G, Aitken Saavedra JP, Salinas Flores O, Lefimil Puente C, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) saliva substitute in the relief of xerostomia in elders. Gerodontology. 2017;34(1):42-8.
37. Shivananda Nayak B, Sivachandra Raju S, Chalapathi Rao A. Wound healing activity of Matricaria recutita L. extract. Journal of Wound Care. 2007;16(7):298-302.
38. Martins MD, Marques MM, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Pavesi VCS, Wadt NS, et al. Citotoxicidade in vitro de extratos de arnica brasileira (Solidago microglossa) e arnica paulista (Porophyllum ruderale). ConScientiae Saúde. 2009;8(1):99-104.
39. Holmes TSV, Pereira JV, de Castro Gomes DQ, Pereira MdSV, de Medeiros Nóbrega DR, dos Santos MGC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Matricaria recutita Linn. in the prevention and control of radiation-induced oral mucositis. Revista Odonto Ciência. 2013;28(4).
40. Fidler P, Loprinzi CL, O'Fallon JR, Leitch JM, Lee JK, Hayes DL, et al. Prospective evaluation of a chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5‐FU‐induced oral mucositis. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 1996;77(3):522-5.
41. Lemberkovics E, Kéry A, Marczal G, Simándi B, Szöke E. Phytochemical evaluation of essential oils, medicinal plants and their preparations. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica. 1998;68(3):141-9.
42. Carnat A, Carnat A, Fraisse D, Ricoux L, Lamaison J. The aromatic and polyphenolic composition of Roman camomile tea. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(1):32-8.
43. Sakai H, Misawa M. Effect of sodium azulene sulfonate on capsaicin‐induced pharyngitis in rats. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2005;96(1):54-9.
44. Peña D, Montes de Oca N, Rojas S, Parra A, García G. Anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheic activity of Isocarpha cubana Blake. Pharmacologyonline. 2006;3:744-9.
45. Martins MD, Marques MM, Bussadori SK, Martins MAT, Pavesi VCS, Mesquita‐Ferrari RA, et al. Comparative analysis between Chamomilla recutita and corticosteroids on wound healing. An in vitro and in vivo study. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2009;23(2):274-8.
46. Khezri HD, Gorji MH, Morad A, Gorji H. Comparison of the antibacterial effects of matrica & Persica™ and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2013;30(4):368-73.
47. Azimi M, Jouybari L, Moghadam S, Ghaemi E, Behnampoor N, Sanagoo A, et al. Antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine, matrica drop mouthwash (chamomile extract), and normal saline on hospitalized patients with endotracheal tubes. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research. 2016;21(5):458.
48. Paknejad M, Jafarzadeh T, Shamloo A. Comparison of the efficacy of Matrica and% 0.2 Chlorhexidine mouthwashes on 3-6 mm pockets in patients with chronic periodontitis. Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran. 2006;18(3):0-.
49. Braga AS, de Melo Simas LL, Pires JG, Souza BM, Saldanha LL, Dokkedal AL, et al. Antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of an experimental mouth rinse containing Matricaria chamomilla L. extract under microcosm biofilm on enamel. Journal of Dentistry. 2020;99:103415.
50. Ahmed MA, Pavani B, Tanzila TL, Thanga GDS, Thejaswini B, Viha PC, et al. Effects of green tea and chamomile tea on plaque pH, salivary pH, Streptococcus mutans count. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research. 2017;5(04):01-3.
1. Zakiawati D, Nur'aeny N, Setiadhi R. Distribution of oral ulceration cases in oral medicine integrated installation of Universitas padjadjaran dental hospital. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. 2020;32(3):237-42.
2. Yogarajah S, Setterfield J. Mouth ulcers and diseases of the oral cavity. Medicine. 2021;49(7):407-13.
3. Fourie J, Boy S. Oral mucosal ulceration-a clinician’s guide to diagnosis and treatment. South African Dental Journal. 2016;71(10):500-8.
4. Dayakar M, Pai PG, Sooranagi RPM, Vijayan V, Waheed A. Chemical burns of gingiva and its management. SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences. 2018;9(4):174.
5. Borna R. Effects of mucoadhessive paste of chlorhexidine and betamethasone on oral ulcer recovery process in rats. Wounds: a Compendium of Clinical Research and Practice. 2013;25(4):104-12.
6. Hunter M, Kellett J, D’Cunha NM, Toohey K, McKune A, Naumovski N. The effect of honey as a treatment for oral ulcerative lesions: a systematic review. Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. 2020;5(1):27-37.
7. Vaishnavi Burley D, Biyani D, Umekar M, Naidu N. Medicinal plants for treatment of ulcer: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2021;9(4):51-9.
8. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2005;14(2):467-75.
9. Rodríguez-Caballero A, Torres-Lagares D, Robles-García M, Pachón-Ibáñez J, González-Padilla D, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL. Cancer treatment-induced oral mucositis: a critical review. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2012;41(2):225-38.
10. Aghamohamamdi A, Hosseinimehr SJ. Natural products for management of oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Integrative cancer therapies. 2016;15(1):60-8.
11. Ardakani MT, Ghassemi S, Mehdizadeh M, Mojab F, Salamzadeh J, Ghassemi S, et al. Evaluating the effect of Matricaria recutita and Mentha piperita herbal mouthwash on management of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2016;29:29-34.
12. Mimica-Dukić N, Božin B, Soković M, Mihajlović B, Matavulj M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta medica. 2003;69(05):413-9.
13. Telrandhe UB, Lokhande RR, Lodhe VN, Kosalge SB, Parihar S, Sharma D. Review on Herbal Drugs used in Dental Care Management. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2021;9(6):71-9.
14. Motaghi M, Darbandi B, Baghersalimi A. Comparative effect of chamomile mouthwash and topical mouth rinse in prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in Iranian pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer. 2017;9(3):84-8.
15. Goes P, Dutra CS, Lisboa MR, Gondim DV, Leitão R, Brito GA, et al. Clinical efficacy of a 1% Matricaria chamomile L. mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine for gingivitis control in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Journal of Oral Science. 2016;58(4):569-74.
16. Pourabbas R, Delazar A. The effect of German chamomile mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2010(2):105-9.
17. Blumenthal M. The ABC clinical guide to herbs: American Botanical Council; 2003.
18. Elhadad MA, El‐Negoumy E, Taalab MR, Ibrahim RS, Elsaka RO. The effect of topical chamomile in the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced oral mucositis: A randomized clinical trial. Oral Diseases. 2022;28(1):164-72.
19. Batista ALA, Lins RDAU, de Souza Coelho R, do Nascimento Barbosa D, Belém NM, Celestino FJA. Clinical efficacy analysis of the mouth rinsing with pomegranate and chamomile plant extracts in the gingival bleeding reduction. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2014;20(1):93-8.
20. Chen Y, Wong RW, McGrath C, Hagg U, Seneviratne CJ. Natural compounds containing mouthrinses in the management of dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Clinical oral investigations. 2014;18(1):1-16.
21. de ALBUQUERQUE ACL, PEREIRA MdSV, PEREIRA JV, COSTA MRM, PEREIRA LF, HIGINO JS. Antimicrobial effect of Matricaria recutita Linn.(chamomile) extract against Dental Biofilm Microorganisms. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada. 2011;10(3):451-5.
22. Jain N, Rajwar YC, Batra M, Singh HP, Bhandari R, Agarwal P. Dentistry: turning towards herbal alternatives: a review. Sch J App Med Sci. 2014;2(1):253-7.
23. Taheri JB, Azimi S, Rafieian N, Zanjani HA. Herbs in dentistry. International dental journal. 2011;61(6):287-96.
24. Baskran RNR, Lakshmanan R. Assessment of effect of chamomile oil on dental anxiety for patients undergoing extraction–A randomized controlled trial. Drug Invention Today. 2019;11(8).
25. Freires IA, Rosalen PL. How natural product research has contributed to oral care product development? A critical view. Pharmaceutical research. 2016;33(6):1311-7.
26. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981− 2002. Journal of natural products. 2003;66(7):1022-37.
27. Koehn FE, Carter GT. The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2005;4(3):206-20.
1. 28. Mehta S, Pesapathy S, Joseph M, Tiwari PK, Chawla S. Comparative evaluation of a herbal mouthwash (Freshol) with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary Streptococcus mutans growth. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2013;3(1):25.
29. Shah R, Gayathri G, Mehta DS. Application of herbal products in management of periodontal diseases: A mini review. International Journal of Oral Health Sciences. 2015;5(1):38.
30. Jones WP, Chin Y-W, Kinghorn AD. The role of pharmacognosy in modern medicine and pharmacy. Current drug targets. 2006;7(3):247-64.
31. Philp RB. Herbal remedies: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2004;1(1).
32. Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental health perspectives. 2001;109(suppl 1):69-75.
33. Gonsalves WC, Wrightston AS, Henry RG. Common oral conditions in older persons. American family physician. 2008;78(7):845-52.
34. Abebe W. Review of herbal medications with the potential to cause bleeding: dental implications, and risk prediction and prevention avenues. EPMA Journal. 2019;10(1):51-64.
35. Glowania H, Raulin C, Swoboda M. Effect of chamomile on wound healing--a clinical double-blind study. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten. 1987;62(17):1262, 7-71.
36. Morales‐Bozo I, Ortega‐Pinto A, Rojas Alcayaga G, Aitken Saavedra JP, Salinas Flores O, Lefimil Puente C, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) saliva substitute in the relief of xerostomia in elders. Gerodontology. 2017;34(1):42-8.
37. Shivananda Nayak B, Sivachandra Raju S, Chalapathi Rao A. Wound healing activity of Matricaria recutita L. extract. Journal of Wound Care. 2007;16(7):298-302.
38. Martins MD, Marques MM, Bussadori SK, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Pavesi VCS, Wadt NS, et al. Citotoxicidade in vitro de extratos de arnica brasileira (Solidago microglossa) e arnica paulista (Porophyllum ruderale). ConScientiae Saúde. 2009;8(1):99-104.
39. Holmes TSV, Pereira JV, de Castro Gomes DQ, Pereira MdSV, de Medeiros Nóbrega DR, dos Santos MGC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Matricaria recutita Linn. in the prevention and control of radiation-induced oral mucositis. Revista Odonto Ciência. 2013;28(4).
40. Fidler P, Loprinzi CL, O'Fallon JR, Leitch JM, Lee JK, Hayes DL, et al. Prospective evaluation of a chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5‐FU‐induced oral mucositis. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 1996;77(3):522-5.
41. Lemberkovics E, Kéry A, Marczal G, Simándi B, Szöke E. Phytochemical evaluation of essential oils, medicinal plants and their preparations. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica. 1998;68(3):141-9.
42. Carnat A, Carnat A, Fraisse D, Ricoux L, Lamaison J. The aromatic and polyphenolic composition of Roman camomile tea. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(1):32-8.
43. Sakai H, Misawa M. Effect of sodium azulene sulfonate on capsaicin‐induced pharyngitis in rats. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2005;96(1):54-9.
44. Peña D, Montes de Oca N, Rojas S, Parra A, García G. Anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheic activity of Isocarpha cubana Blake. Pharmacologyonline. 2006;3:744-9.
45. Martins MD, Marques MM, Bussadori SK, Martins MAT, Pavesi VCS, Mesquita‐Ferrari RA, et al. Comparative analysis between Chamomilla recutita and corticosteroids on wound healing. An in vitro and in vivo study. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2009;23(2):274-8.
46. Khezri HD, Gorji MH, Morad A, Gorji H. Comparison of the antibacterial effects of matrica & Persica™ and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2013;30(4):368-73.
47. Azimi M, Jouybari L, Moghadam S, Ghaemi E, Behnampoor N, Sanagoo A, et al. Antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine, matrica drop mouthwash (chamomile extract), and normal saline on hospitalized patients with endotracheal tubes. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research. 2016;21(5):458.
48. Paknejad M, Jafarzadeh T, Shamloo A. Comparison of the efficacy of Matrica and% 0.2 Chlorhexidine mouthwashes on 3-6 mm pockets in patients with chronic periodontitis. Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran. 2006;18(3):0-.
49. Braga AS, de Melo Simas LL, Pires JG, Souza BM, Saldanha LL, Dokkedal AL, et al. Antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of an experimental mouth rinse containing Matricaria chamomilla L. extract under microcosm biofilm on enamel. Journal of Dentistry. 2020;99:103415.
50. Ahmed MA, Pavani B, Tanzila TL, Thanga GDS, Thejaswini B, Viha PC, et al. Effects of green tea and chamomile tea on plaque pH, salivary pH, Streptococcus mutans count. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research. 2017;5(04):01-3.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9, No 3 (Summer 2022) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v9i3.12693 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Chamomilla; Oral mucosa; Systematic review. | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Abbasi F, Khazaie S, Ahmadi Motamayel F. Evaluation of pharmaceutical use of chamomile in dentistry: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2023;9(3):110-117.
