The Cytotoxic Effect of 4 Different Wavelengths of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Abstract
Introduction: Low-level laser therapy is a noninvasive method with the potential ability to change the balance of cell mediators and gene expressions. It affects cellular function resulting in beneficial clinical effects. This study aims to assess the effect of low-level light therapy (LLLT) using four different laser wavelengths on oral carcinoma cell viability in vitro. Materials and Methods: HN5 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HNSCC) were cultured and irradiated using four wavelengths of blue (485nm), green (532nm), red (660nm), and near Infra-red (810nm) in a continuous mode with a dose of 1 J/cm2 (0.1W, 10sec) every 24hours for five consecutive days. Cell viability was assessed by evaluating mitochondrial activity by MTT assay. Results: All the wavelengths resulted in reduced viability of these cells compared to the controls. (P<0.05) There were statistically significant differences in cell viability between different wavelengths (P<0.001). The 810nm laser irradiation showed the highest percentage of cell survival (55.92%) while 660nm induced the lowest (36.02%). Conclusion: Different laser wavelengths may result in different effects on irradiated cells and red irradiation showed the lowest cell viability and the infrared laser had the highest cell viability results. Keywords: Low-level laser therapy; LLLT; Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas; HNSCC.
1. Mester E, Mester AF, Mester A. The biomedical effects of laser application. Lasers Surg Med. 1985;5(1):31-9.
2. Karu TI, Afanas'eva NI. [Cytochrome c oxidase as the primary photoacceptor upon laser exposure of cultured cells to visible and near IR-range light]. Dokl Akad Nauk. 1995;342(5):693-5.
3. Motlagh KH, Azizi A, Ghadim NM. In Vitro Effect of 445 nm Blue Laser and 660 nm Low-Level Laser on the Quantity and Quality of Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol. 2022.
4. Del Vecchio A, Tenore G, Luzi MC, Palaia G, Mohsen A, Pergolini D, et al. Laser Photobiomodulation (PBM)-A Possible New Frontier for the Treatment of Oral Cancer: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(2).
5. Nadhreen AA, Alamoudi NM, Elkhodary HM. Low-level laser therapy in dentistry: Extra-oral applications. Niger J Clin Pract. 2019;22(10):1313-8.
6. Cariati P, Cabello-Serrano A, Perez-de Perceval-Tara M, Monsalve-Iglesias F, Martínez-Lara I. Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in young adults: A retrospective study in Granada University Hospital. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(6):e679-e85.
7. Alramadhan SA, Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Islam MN. Incidence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Patients Aged 30 Years and Under: A Single Institution Retrospective Analysis. Saudi J Oral Dent Res. 2022;7(12):351-8.
8. Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):92.
9. McCord C, Kiss A, Magalhaes MA, Leong IT, Jorden T, Bradley G. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with Precursor Lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2021;14(9):873-84.
10. Zecha JA, Raber-Durlacher JE, Nair RG, Epstein JB, Sonis ST, Elad S, et al. Low level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: part 1: mechanisms of action, dosimetric, and safety considerations. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(6):2781-92.
11. Zecha JA, Raber-Durlacher JE, Nair RG, Epstein JB, Elad S, Hamblin MR, et al. Low-level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: part 2: proposed applications and treatment protocols. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(6):2793-805.
12. Meulemans J, Delaere P, Vander Poorten V. Photodynamic therapy in head and neck cancer: indications, outcomes, and future prospects. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;27(2):136-41.
13. Arany PR. Healing Tumors with Light: Science Fiction or the Future of Medicine? Photomed Laser Surg. 2018;36(5):227-9.
14. Lalla RV, Bowen J, Barasch A, Elting L, Epstein J, Keefe DM, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer. 2014;120(10):1453-61.
15. Antunes HS, Herchenhorn D, Small IA, Araújo CMM, Viégas CMP, de Assis Ramos G, et al. Long-term survival of a randomized phase III trial of head and neck cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation therapy with or without low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to prevent oral mucositis. Oral Oncol. 2017;71:11-5.
16. Brandão TB, Morais-Faria K, Ribeiro ACP, Rivera C, Salvajoli JV, Lopes MA, et al. Locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis: retrospective outcomes and safety analyses. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(7):2417-23.
17. Schalch TD, Fernandes MH, Destro Rodrigues MFS, Guimarães DM, Nunes FD, Rodrigues JC, et al. Photobiomodulation is associated with a decrease in cell viability and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lasers Med Sci. 2019;34(3):629-36.
18. Barasch A, Raber-Durlacher J, Epstein JB, Carroll J. Effects of pre-radiation exposure to LLLT of normal and malignant cells. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(6):2497-501.
19. Tsai SR, Yin R, Huang YY, Sheu BC, Lee SC, Hamblin MR. Low-level light therapy potentiates NPe6-mediated photodynamic therapy in a human osteosarcoma cell line via increased ATP. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015;12(1):123-30.
20. de Castro JL, Pinheiro AL, Werneck CE, Soares CP. The effect of laser therapy on the proliferation of oral KB carcinoma cells: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(6):586-9.
21. Silveira FM, Paglioni MP, Marques MM, Santos-Silva AR, Migliorati CA, Arany P, et al. Examining tumor modulating effects of photobiomodulation therapy on head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2019;18(7):1621-37.
22. De Lima PO, Dos Santos FV, Oliveira DT, Carvalho de Figueiredo R, Pereira MC. Effect of eosinophil cationic protein on human oral squamous carcinoma cell viability. Molecular and clinical oncology. 2015;3(2):353-6.
23. Schartinger VH, Galvan O, Riechelmann H, Dudás J. Differential responses of fibroblasts, non-neoplastic epithelial cells, and oral carcinoma cells to low-level laser therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20(3):523-9.
24. Mester E. The use of the laser beam in therapy. Orvosi Hetilap. 1966;107(22):1012-6.
25. Bamps M, Dok R, Nuyts S. Low-level laser therapy stimulates proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Frontiers in oncology. 2018;8:343.
26. De Castro JLF, Pinheiro ALB, Werneck CE, Soares CP. The effect of laser therapy on the proliferation of oral KB carcinoma cells: an in vitro study. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2005;23(6):586-9.
27. Pinheiro ALB, Nascimento SCd, Vieira ALdB, Rolim AB, Silva PSd, Brugnera Jr A. Does LLLT stimulate laryngeal carcinoma cells? An" in vitro" study. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2002;13:109-12.
28. Shirazian S, Keykha E, Pourshahidi S, Ebrahimi H. Effects of 660 nm and 810 nm low‐power diode laser on proliferation and invasion of oral cancer cells in cell culture media. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2021;97(3):618-26.
29. Mansourian A, Pourshahidi S, Vafi Manshadi Y, Amini Shakib P, Ebrahimi H. The Effect of Low‐level Laser Therapy on VEGF, IL‐6 Expression and Viability of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2022.
30. Sperandio FF, Giudice FS, Corrêa L, Pinto Jr DS, Hamblin MR, de Sousa SC. Low‐level laser therapy can produce increased aggressiveness of dysplastic and oral cancer cell lines by modulation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Journal of biophotonics. 2013;6(10):839-47.
31. Schalch TD, Fernandes MH, Destro Rodrigues MFS, Guimarães DM, Nunes FD, Rodrigues JC, et al. Photobiomodulation is associated with a decrease in cell viability and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lasers in Medical Science. 2019;34(3):629-36.
32. Gomes Henriques ÁC, Ginani F, Oliveira RM, Keesen TSL, Galvão Barboza CA, Oliveira Rocha HA, et al. Low-level laser therapy promotes proliferation and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Lasers in Medical Science. 2014;29(4):1385-95.
33. Kara C, Selamet H, Gökmenoğlu C, Kara N. Low level laser therapy induces increased viability and proliferation in isolated cancer cells. Cell proliferation. 2018;51(2):e12417.
34. Mansouri V, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Zadeh-Esmaeel M-M, Rezaei-Tavirani S, Razzaghi M, Okhovatian F, et al. Analysis of laser therapy effects on squamous cell carcinoma patients: A system biology study. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2019;10(Suppl 1):S1.
35. Tabosa ATL, Souza MG, de Jesus SF, Rocha DF, Queiroz LdRP, Santos EM, et al. Effect of low-level light therapy before radiotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma: An in vitro study. Lasers in Medical Science. 2022.
36. Del Vecchio A, Tenore G, Luzi MC, Palaia G, Mohsen A, Pergolini D, et al., editors. Laser photobiomodulation (Pbm)—a possible new frontier for the treatment of oral cancer: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Healthcare; 2021: MDPI.
37. Malik F, Korkaya H, Clouthier SG, Wicha MS. Regulation of breast cancer stem cells by mesenchymal stem cells in the metastatic niche. Principles of Stem Cell Biology and Cancer: Future Applications and Therapeutics. 2015:123-43.
2. Karu TI, Afanas'eva NI. [Cytochrome c oxidase as the primary photoacceptor upon laser exposure of cultured cells to visible and near IR-range light]. Dokl Akad Nauk. 1995;342(5):693-5.
3. Motlagh KH, Azizi A, Ghadim NM. In Vitro Effect of 445 nm Blue Laser and 660 nm Low-Level Laser on the Quantity and Quality of Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol. 2022.
4. Del Vecchio A, Tenore G, Luzi MC, Palaia G, Mohsen A, Pergolini D, et al. Laser Photobiomodulation (PBM)-A Possible New Frontier for the Treatment of Oral Cancer: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(2).
5. Nadhreen AA, Alamoudi NM, Elkhodary HM. Low-level laser therapy in dentistry: Extra-oral applications. Niger J Clin Pract. 2019;22(10):1313-8.
6. Cariati P, Cabello-Serrano A, Perez-de Perceval-Tara M, Monsalve-Iglesias F, Martínez-Lara I. Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in young adults: A retrospective study in Granada University Hospital. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(6):e679-e85.
7. Alramadhan SA, Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Islam MN. Incidence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Patients Aged 30 Years and Under: A Single Institution Retrospective Analysis. Saudi J Oral Dent Res. 2022;7(12):351-8.
8. Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):92.
9. McCord C, Kiss A, Magalhaes MA, Leong IT, Jorden T, Bradley G. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with Precursor Lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2021;14(9):873-84.
10. Zecha JA, Raber-Durlacher JE, Nair RG, Epstein JB, Sonis ST, Elad S, et al. Low level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: part 1: mechanisms of action, dosimetric, and safety considerations. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(6):2781-92.
11. Zecha JA, Raber-Durlacher JE, Nair RG, Epstein JB, Elad S, Hamblin MR, et al. Low-level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: part 2: proposed applications and treatment protocols. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(6):2793-805.
12. Meulemans J, Delaere P, Vander Poorten V. Photodynamic therapy in head and neck cancer: indications, outcomes, and future prospects. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;27(2):136-41.
13. Arany PR. Healing Tumors with Light: Science Fiction or the Future of Medicine? Photomed Laser Surg. 2018;36(5):227-9.
14. Lalla RV, Bowen J, Barasch A, Elting L, Epstein J, Keefe DM, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer. 2014;120(10):1453-61.
15. Antunes HS, Herchenhorn D, Small IA, Araújo CMM, Viégas CMP, de Assis Ramos G, et al. Long-term survival of a randomized phase III trial of head and neck cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation therapy with or without low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to prevent oral mucositis. Oral Oncol. 2017;71:11-5.
16. Brandão TB, Morais-Faria K, Ribeiro ACP, Rivera C, Salvajoli JV, Lopes MA, et al. Locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis: retrospective outcomes and safety analyses. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(7):2417-23.
17. Schalch TD, Fernandes MH, Destro Rodrigues MFS, Guimarães DM, Nunes FD, Rodrigues JC, et al. Photobiomodulation is associated with a decrease in cell viability and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lasers Med Sci. 2019;34(3):629-36.
18. Barasch A, Raber-Durlacher J, Epstein JB, Carroll J. Effects of pre-radiation exposure to LLLT of normal and malignant cells. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(6):2497-501.
19. Tsai SR, Yin R, Huang YY, Sheu BC, Lee SC, Hamblin MR. Low-level light therapy potentiates NPe6-mediated photodynamic therapy in a human osteosarcoma cell line via increased ATP. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015;12(1):123-30.
20. de Castro JL, Pinheiro AL, Werneck CE, Soares CP. The effect of laser therapy on the proliferation of oral KB carcinoma cells: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005;23(6):586-9.
21. Silveira FM, Paglioni MP, Marques MM, Santos-Silva AR, Migliorati CA, Arany P, et al. Examining tumor modulating effects of photobiomodulation therapy on head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2019;18(7):1621-37.
22. De Lima PO, Dos Santos FV, Oliveira DT, Carvalho de Figueiredo R, Pereira MC. Effect of eosinophil cationic protein on human oral squamous carcinoma cell viability. Molecular and clinical oncology. 2015;3(2):353-6.
23. Schartinger VH, Galvan O, Riechelmann H, Dudás J. Differential responses of fibroblasts, non-neoplastic epithelial cells, and oral carcinoma cells to low-level laser therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20(3):523-9.
24. Mester E. The use of the laser beam in therapy. Orvosi Hetilap. 1966;107(22):1012-6.
25. Bamps M, Dok R, Nuyts S. Low-level laser therapy stimulates proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Frontiers in oncology. 2018;8:343.
26. De Castro JLF, Pinheiro ALB, Werneck CE, Soares CP. The effect of laser therapy on the proliferation of oral KB carcinoma cells: an in vitro study. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2005;23(6):586-9.
27. Pinheiro ALB, Nascimento SCd, Vieira ALdB, Rolim AB, Silva PSd, Brugnera Jr A. Does LLLT stimulate laryngeal carcinoma cells? An" in vitro" study. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2002;13:109-12.
28. Shirazian S, Keykha E, Pourshahidi S, Ebrahimi H. Effects of 660 nm and 810 nm low‐power diode laser on proliferation and invasion of oral cancer cells in cell culture media. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2021;97(3):618-26.
29. Mansourian A, Pourshahidi S, Vafi Manshadi Y, Amini Shakib P, Ebrahimi H. The Effect of Low‐level Laser Therapy on VEGF, IL‐6 Expression and Viability of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2022.
30. Sperandio FF, Giudice FS, Corrêa L, Pinto Jr DS, Hamblin MR, de Sousa SC. Low‐level laser therapy can produce increased aggressiveness of dysplastic and oral cancer cell lines by modulation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Journal of biophotonics. 2013;6(10):839-47.
31. Schalch TD, Fernandes MH, Destro Rodrigues MFS, Guimarães DM, Nunes FD, Rodrigues JC, et al. Photobiomodulation is associated with a decrease in cell viability and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lasers in Medical Science. 2019;34(3):629-36.
32. Gomes Henriques ÁC, Ginani F, Oliveira RM, Keesen TSL, Galvão Barboza CA, Oliveira Rocha HA, et al. Low-level laser therapy promotes proliferation and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Lasers in Medical Science. 2014;29(4):1385-95.
33. Kara C, Selamet H, Gökmenoğlu C, Kara N. Low level laser therapy induces increased viability and proliferation in isolated cancer cells. Cell proliferation. 2018;51(2):e12417.
34. Mansouri V, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Zadeh-Esmaeel M-M, Rezaei-Tavirani S, Razzaghi M, Okhovatian F, et al. Analysis of laser therapy effects on squamous cell carcinoma patients: A system biology study. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences. 2019;10(Suppl 1):S1.
35. Tabosa ATL, Souza MG, de Jesus SF, Rocha DF, Queiroz LdRP, Santos EM, et al. Effect of low-level light therapy before radiotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma: An in vitro study. Lasers in Medical Science. 2022.
36. Del Vecchio A, Tenore G, Luzi MC, Palaia G, Mohsen A, Pergolini D, et al., editors. Laser photobiomodulation (Pbm)—a possible new frontier for the treatment of oral cancer: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Healthcare; 2021: MDPI.
37. Malik F, Korkaya H, Clouthier SG, Wicha MS. Regulation of breast cancer stem cells by mesenchymal stem cells in the metastatic niche. Principles of Stem Cell Biology and Cancer: Future Applications and Therapeutics. 2015:123-43.
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| Issue | Vol 11, No 1 (Winter 2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jcr.v11i1.16478 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Low-level laser therapy LLLT Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas HNSCC | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Tonkaboni A, Tatar A, Hafezi Motlagh K, Fekrazad R. The Cytotoxic Effect of 4 Different Wavelengths of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2024;11(1):26-34.
