The Effects of 0.2% Sodium Fluoride and Persica Mouthwashes on Flexural Strength of Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Wires
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Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 0.2% sodium fluoride and Persica mouthwashes on the flexural strength and surface characteristics of nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires through an in vitro investigation. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven 0.016-inch NiTi wire samples (3cm long) were divided into three groups (n=9/group): distilled water (control), Persica, and 0.2% NaF mouthwash. Wires were immersed for 90 minutes (simulating 3 months of daily use) and subjected to a three-point bending test (0.5mm/min deflection). Surface changes were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were compared using ANOVA and Bonferroni tests.Results: Unloading-phase forces, yield strength, and elastic modulus significantly decreased in NaF and Persica groups versus control (p<0.05), with no differences in loading-phase (p>0.05). SEM revealed the highest corrosion in NaF and the lowest in control. No significant differences were observed between NaF and Persica (p>0.05). Conclusion: Exposure to 0.2% sodium fluoride and Persica mouthwashes adversely affects the mechanical properties and surface integrity of NiTi orthodontic wires. Clinicians should consider the potential implications of prolonged mouthwash use during orthodontic treatment. Keywords: Mouthwash; Orthodontic wire; Mechanical properties; Corrosion; Nickel-titanium.
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2. Brightman LJ, Terezhalmy GT, Greenwell H, Jacobs M, Enlow DH. The effects of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on orthodontic patients aged 11 through 17 with established gingivitis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1991;100(4):324-9.
3. Walker MP, Ries D, Kula K, Ellis M, Fricke B. Mechanical properties and surface characterization of beta titanium and stainless steel orthodontic wire following topical fluoride treatment. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(2):342-8.
4. Otsuka K, Ren X. Recent developments in the research of shape memory alloys. Intermetallics. 1999;7(5):511-28.
5. Alavi S, Barooti S, Borzabadi-Farahani A. An in vitro assessment of the mechanical characteristics of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires in Fluoride solutions with different acidities. Journal of orthodontic science. 2015;4(2):52-6.
6. Krishnan V, Kumar KJ. Mechanical properties and surface characteristics of three archwire alloys. The Angle Orthodontist. 2004;74(6):825-31.
7. Kapila S, Sachdeva R. Mechanical properties and clinical applications of orthodontic wires. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1989;96(2):100-9.
8. Aghili H, Yassaei S, Eslami F. Evaluation of the effect of three mouthwashes on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of several orthodontic wires: An: in vitro: study. Dental research journal. 2017;14(4):252-9.
9. Nik TH, Ghadirian H, Ahmadabadi MN, Shahhoseini T, Haj-Fathalian M. Effect of saliva on load-deflection characteristics of superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 2012;9(4):171.
10. Sari E, Birinci I. Microbiological evaluation of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse in orthodontic patients. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(5):881-4.
11. Tufekci E, Casagrande ZA, Lindauer SJ, Fowler CE, Williams KT. Effectiveness of an essential oil mouthrinse in improving oral health in orthodontic patients. The Angle Orthodontist. 2008;78(2):294-8.
12. Geramy A, Hooshmand T, Etezadi T. Effect of sodium fluoride mouthwash on the frictional resistance of orthodontic wires. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 2017;14(5):254.
13. Hashim RS, Al-Joubori SK. Effect of Different Fluoride Agents on the Load Deflection Characteristics of Heat Activated Nickel Titanium Arch Wires (An in Vitro Study). Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry. 2017;29(1):160-4.
14. Koushik SH, Hegde N, Reddy V, Mahesh C, Chandrashekar B, Shetty B, Mahendra S. Effect of fluoride prophylactic agents on the mechanical properties of Nickel-Titanium Wires: An in vitro Study. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society. 2011;45(4_suppl1):237-42.
15. Pilli LN, Singaraju GS, Nettam V, Keerthipati T, Mandava P, Marya A. An extensive comparison of the clinical efficiency of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) and neutral sodium fluoride (NaF) oral rinses in the prevention of white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled trial. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022(1):6828657.
16. Halawany HS. A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. The Saudi dental journal. 2012;24(2):63-9.
17. Noumi E, Snoussi M, Hajlaoui H, Valentin E, Bakhrouf A. Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases. 2010;29:81-8.
18. Khalessi A, Pack A, Thomson W, Tompkins G. An in vivo study of the plaque control efficacy of Persica™: a commercially available herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Salvadora persica. International Dental Journal. 2004;54(5):279-83.
19. Wilkinson PD, Dysart PS, Hood JA, Herbison GP. Load-deflection characteristics of superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2002;121(5):483-95.
20. SaadoonHashim R, Al-Joubori SK. Effect of Different Fluoride Agents on the Load Deflection Characteristics of Heat Activated Nickel Titanium Arch Wires (An in Vitro Study). Journal of baghdad college of dentistry. 2017;29(1).
21. Sander K. The effect of topical fluoride agents on coated nickel-titanium archwires: University of Missouri-Kansas City; 2015.
22. Katić V, Mandić V, Ježek D, Baršić G, Špalj S. Influence of various fluoride agents on working properties and surface characteristics of uncoated, rhodium coated and nitrified nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. Acta odontologica scandinavica. 2015;73(4):241-9.
23. Hammad SM, Al-Wakeel EE, Gad E-S. Mechanical properties and surface characterization of translucent composite wire following topical fluoride treatment. The Angle orthodontist. 2012;82(1):8-13.
24. Mane P, Ganiger CR, Pawar R, Phaphe S, Ronad YA, Valekar S, Kanitkar AA. Effect of fluoride on mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi orthodontic archwires: an in vitro study. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2021;26:e212020.
25. Gupta AK, Shukla G, Sharma P, Kumar A, Gupta D. Evaluation of the Effects of Fluoride Prophylactic Agents on Mechanical Properties of Nickel Titanium Wires using Scanning Electron Microscope. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2018;19(3):283-6.
26. Srivastava K, Chandra PK, Kamat N. Effect of fluoride mouth rinses on various orthodontic archwire alloys tested by modified bending test: An: in vitro: study. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2012;23(3):433-4.
27. Al-Joubori SK, Hashim RS. An in-vitro study of the load deflection characteristics of the thermal wires immersed in different fluoride prophylactic agents. Int J Med Res Heal Sci. 2018;7:1-5.
28. Rincic Mlinaric M, Karlovic S, Ciganj Z, Acev DP, Pavlic A, Spalj S. Oral antiseptics and nickel–titanium alloys: mechanical and chemical effects of interaction. Odontology. 2019;107:150-7.
29. Sukumar B, Ram RR, Sunil G, Ranganayakulu I, Viswanadh KA. Effect of Sodium Flouride Mouthwash and Ozone-Infused Oil Pulling Solution With Coconut Oil on Mechanical Properties and Surface Characterization of Copper-Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires. Cureus. 2023;15(6).
30. Nsaif YA, Mahmood AB. Effect of Fluoride Agent on the Load Deflection of Rhodium-Coated Arch Wires; An In-Vitro Study. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(2):823.
31. Kaur S, Sonone TP, Goyal M, Kumar J, Tak A, Kedia NB. Assessment of impact of fluoride on mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi orthodontic Archwires: an in vitro study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2022;23(5):548-51.
32. Rajendran A, Sundareswaran S, Peediyekkal LV, Santhakumar P, Sathyanadhan S. Effect of oral environment and prescribed fluoride mouthwashes on different types of TMA wires–An in-vivo study. Journal of Orthodontic Science. 2019;8(1):8.
2. Brightman LJ, Terezhalmy GT, Greenwell H, Jacobs M, Enlow DH. The effects of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on orthodontic patients aged 11 through 17 with established gingivitis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1991;100(4):324-9.
3. Walker MP, Ries D, Kula K, Ellis M, Fricke B. Mechanical properties and surface characterization of beta titanium and stainless steel orthodontic wire following topical fluoride treatment. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(2):342-8.
4. Otsuka K, Ren X. Recent developments in the research of shape memory alloys. Intermetallics. 1999;7(5):511-28.
5. Alavi S, Barooti S, Borzabadi-Farahani A. An in vitro assessment of the mechanical characteristics of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires in Fluoride solutions with different acidities. Journal of orthodontic science. 2015;4(2):52-6.
6. Krishnan V, Kumar KJ. Mechanical properties and surface characteristics of three archwire alloys. The Angle Orthodontist. 2004;74(6):825-31.
7. Kapila S, Sachdeva R. Mechanical properties and clinical applications of orthodontic wires. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1989;96(2):100-9.
8. Aghili H, Yassaei S, Eslami F. Evaluation of the effect of three mouthwashes on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of several orthodontic wires: An: in vitro: study. Dental research journal. 2017;14(4):252-9.
9. Nik TH, Ghadirian H, Ahmadabadi MN, Shahhoseini T, Haj-Fathalian M. Effect of saliva on load-deflection characteristics of superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 2012;9(4):171.
10. Sari E, Birinci I. Microbiological evaluation of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse in orthodontic patients. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007;77(5):881-4.
11. Tufekci E, Casagrande ZA, Lindauer SJ, Fowler CE, Williams KT. Effectiveness of an essential oil mouthrinse in improving oral health in orthodontic patients. The Angle Orthodontist. 2008;78(2):294-8.
12. Geramy A, Hooshmand T, Etezadi T. Effect of sodium fluoride mouthwash on the frictional resistance of orthodontic wires. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 2017;14(5):254.
13. Hashim RS, Al-Joubori SK. Effect of Different Fluoride Agents on the Load Deflection Characteristics of Heat Activated Nickel Titanium Arch Wires (An in Vitro Study). Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry. 2017;29(1):160-4.
14. Koushik SH, Hegde N, Reddy V, Mahesh C, Chandrashekar B, Shetty B, Mahendra S. Effect of fluoride prophylactic agents on the mechanical properties of Nickel-Titanium Wires: An in vitro Study. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society. 2011;45(4_suppl1):237-42.
15. Pilli LN, Singaraju GS, Nettam V, Keerthipati T, Mandava P, Marya A. An extensive comparison of the clinical efficiency of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) and neutral sodium fluoride (NaF) oral rinses in the prevention of white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled trial. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022(1):6828657.
16. Halawany HS. A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. The Saudi dental journal. 2012;24(2):63-9.
17. Noumi E, Snoussi M, Hajlaoui H, Valentin E, Bakhrouf A. Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases. 2010;29:81-8.
18. Khalessi A, Pack A, Thomson W, Tompkins G. An in vivo study of the plaque control efficacy of Persica™: a commercially available herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Salvadora persica. International Dental Journal. 2004;54(5):279-83.
19. Wilkinson PD, Dysart PS, Hood JA, Herbison GP. Load-deflection characteristics of superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2002;121(5):483-95.
20. SaadoonHashim R, Al-Joubori SK. Effect of Different Fluoride Agents on the Load Deflection Characteristics of Heat Activated Nickel Titanium Arch Wires (An in Vitro Study). Journal of baghdad college of dentistry. 2017;29(1).
21. Sander K. The effect of topical fluoride agents on coated nickel-titanium archwires: University of Missouri-Kansas City; 2015.
22. Katić V, Mandić V, Ježek D, Baršić G, Špalj S. Influence of various fluoride agents on working properties and surface characteristics of uncoated, rhodium coated and nitrified nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. Acta odontologica scandinavica. 2015;73(4):241-9.
23. Hammad SM, Al-Wakeel EE, Gad E-S. Mechanical properties and surface characterization of translucent composite wire following topical fluoride treatment. The Angle orthodontist. 2012;82(1):8-13.
24. Mane P, Ganiger CR, Pawar R, Phaphe S, Ronad YA, Valekar S, Kanitkar AA. Effect of fluoride on mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi orthodontic archwires: an in vitro study. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. 2021;26:e212020.
25. Gupta AK, Shukla G, Sharma P, Kumar A, Gupta D. Evaluation of the Effects of Fluoride Prophylactic Agents on Mechanical Properties of Nickel Titanium Wires using Scanning Electron Microscope. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2018;19(3):283-6.
26. Srivastava K, Chandra PK, Kamat N. Effect of fluoride mouth rinses on various orthodontic archwire alloys tested by modified bending test: An: in vitro: study. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2012;23(3):433-4.
27. Al-Joubori SK, Hashim RS. An in-vitro study of the load deflection characteristics of the thermal wires immersed in different fluoride prophylactic agents. Int J Med Res Heal Sci. 2018;7:1-5.
28. Rincic Mlinaric M, Karlovic S, Ciganj Z, Acev DP, Pavlic A, Spalj S. Oral antiseptics and nickel–titanium alloys: mechanical and chemical effects of interaction. Odontology. 2019;107:150-7.
29. Sukumar B, Ram RR, Sunil G, Ranganayakulu I, Viswanadh KA. Effect of Sodium Flouride Mouthwash and Ozone-Infused Oil Pulling Solution With Coconut Oil on Mechanical Properties and Surface Characterization of Copper-Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires. Cureus. 2023;15(6).
30. Nsaif YA, Mahmood AB. Effect of Fluoride Agent on the Load Deflection of Rhodium-Coated Arch Wires; An In-Vitro Study. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(2):823.
31. Kaur S, Sonone TP, Goyal M, Kumar J, Tak A, Kedia NB. Assessment of impact of fluoride on mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi orthodontic Archwires: an in vitro study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2022;23(5):548-51.
32. Rajendran A, Sundareswaran S, Peediyekkal LV, Santhakumar P, Sathyanadhan S. Effect of oral environment and prescribed fluoride mouthwashes on different types of TMA wires–An in-vivo study. Journal of Orthodontic Science. 2019;8(1):8.
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| Issue | Vol 12, No 1 (Winter 2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Mouthwash; Orthodontic wire; Mechanical properties; Corrosion; Nickel-titanium | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mohammadian M, Shahbazpey S, Hosseinabadi A. The Effects of 0.2% Sodium Fluoride and Persica Mouthwashes on Flexural Strength of Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Wires. J Craniomaxillofac Res. 2025;12(1):42-49.
