Introduction: This review provides an update on transfer techniques and clinical implications of gene therapy in dentistry. Gene therapy is a new biomedicine emerging field that manipulates genes to achieve gain function in patient cells. Gene therapy essentially consists of introducing specific genetic material into target cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein without producing toxic effects on surrounding tissue. Gene therapy can be used to treat wide range of diseases ranging from single gene disorder to multi gene disorder. It has variety of applications in the field of dentistry like in periodontal disease, cancerous and precancerous condition, salivary gland disorders, autoimmune diseases, bonerepair, DNA vaccination, etc. Minor salivary glands and keratinocytes present in the oral mucosa are excellent target sites for gene therapy since it can be readily accomplished with minimal invasive manner. As a new aspect scientists investigating for tooth regrown using shark gene networkactivation in human cells. Applications of gene therapy to dental and oral problems illustrate the potential impact of this technology on dentistry. Aim of this article is to description in brief on the application, limitation and disadvantage of gene therapy in dentistry.Key words: Gene therapy, Dentistry, Viral vector, Stem cell.

Multiple arteries perforate the lingual cortex of mandibular symphysis. These arteries might be damaged during various surgical procedures and can pose significant health risk to the patient. It would be beneficial for clinicians to know these anatomic landmarks in order to prevent complications.Key words: Mandibular symphisis, lingual artry, Sublingual artry, Dental implant.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate some of the demographic and clinical features related to brain and neck injuries in patients with maxillofacial fractures in educationalhospitals of Rasht in 2016.Methods and Materials: The present study was a retrospective analytical study. A total of 361 patients who were diagnosed with maxillofacial fractures in Rasht city were entered into thisstudy. The data were collected through a questionnaire and by examining the existing files from patients referring to the emergency department of Pursina and Velayat Hospitals who had maxillofacial fractures. A variety of brain and cervical spine injuries were investigated on them. Thediagnosis of the type of fracture and the type of brain and neck injury were separately written in the patient file by the relevant specialists based on clinical examinations, age, sex and plain radiography and CT scan. The measurments were analyzed after data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS and an independent sample T-test.Results: The results showed that men (286) had more maxillofacial fractures than women (75). The fractures in the maxillofacial area occur more often in the third period of life (21-30). Mandible was the most common fracture site in the patients (185). Men were more injuredthan womenin both cervical spine and brain, and this difference wassignificant (p = 0.001). Finally, the highest percentage of brain (45.16%) (p = 0.0001) and cervical spine (55.56%) (p = 0.264) injuries wereobserved in the age range of 21-30 years old.Conclusion: The men had more maxillofacial fractures with brain and cervical spine injuries in third decayed of their lives.Key words: Brain Injury, Neck Injury, Maxillofacial fractures, Demographic features.

Objectives: Denture stomatitis (DS) is a multifactorial common disorder of removable denture wearers. Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in the lining materials may be an effective treatment for this condition. The purpose of this study is to compare of tissue conditioner alone versus tissueconditioner with CHX for treatment of the DS.Materials and Methods: Thirty six denture-wearing patients suffering from different stages of DS were investigated this clinical trial. Patients were assessed clinically and then randomlydivided to two groups: test (TC containing CHX) and control (same TC without CHX) Clinical effectiveness of each treatment was measured using clinical indexes consist of lesion size, color of lesion and sore mouth on day0, day 1, day 3 and day 7.Results: Findings showed that both treatments resulted in decreasing the lesion size with statistically significant differences between control and test groups. The percentage of the patientwith pink lesions increased and the number of patients with ruby and red lesion decreased over treatment period with statistically significant differences between groups. Both treatments led todecrease of the pain without any statistically significant difference between groups.Conclusions: It was concluded that of TC alone and TC with CHX are an treatment for DS. It seems that adding CHX to T.C has a statistically significant positive effect on lesion size and colorcompared to T.C alone.Keywords: CHX, Denture stomatitis, Tissue conditioner.

Nasal cavity malignancies tend to make local aggressive growth. There are two possibilities for rehabilitation after a total rhinectomy: Operative reconstruction or a nasal prosthesis. Since the introduction of microvascular free flaps, most facial defects are now rehabilitated surgically and there are many available surgical options, however, for large deficiencies, regional as well as local flaps are definitely not cosmetically ideal. Moreover, patients requiring extensive midfacial prostheticreconstruction will invariably have had previous radiotherapy, making placement and retention of implants more problematic and liable to fail. In this situation prosthetic rehabilitation can be an attractive alternative to the surgical reconstruction of the nose. This clinical report explains a step by step facial and intraoral prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with total rhinectomy and partial maxillectomy with magnet-retained oral-nasal combination prosthesis.Keywords: Rhinectomy, Prosthetic Rehabilitation, Maxillectomy.

Prosthetic rehabilitation of patients with unfavorable-implant-position or problematic implant angulationis complicated. A completely-edentulous-patient with lower lip squamous-cell-carcinoma had undergone resective surgery twice. After radiotherapy of a total dose of 60cGy of 30 sessionsfor about 3 months, moderate trismus was developed. Mouth commisurotomy was accomplished in order to insert three implants in the mandibular-anterior-region. Two distal implants were excessively tilted to achieve better biomechanical advantages and to obtain greater anterior-posterior-distance which made prosthetic rehabilitation of the patient challenging. In the mandibular-custom-tray a lingual “window” was designed to accommodate the open-impression-copings.Trial-denture-bases were tried-in. A putty index was recorded from arranged-mandibular-teeth. According to this index, a zigzag bar similar to letter “M” was designed using custom abutments. So that three ball anchors were placed on this “M-designed-bar” (MDB) more labial than the insertedimplants to support the mandibular-implant-supported-overdenture. Using MDB permits teeth-set-up with minimal interfere with tongue function. The major disadvantage of this design is its inevitable-buccal-cantilever. Distolingual areas of mandibular tray were border-molded excessively in order to overcome this problem and to increase stability and also to reduce detrimental-lateral forces to implants.Key words: Dental Implants, Implant-Supported Denture Prosthesis.

Chondroblastoma is a highly destructive tumor, derived from immature cartilage cells, typically occurring in epiphyses of the long bones of adolescents and young adults. Those occurring in the temporal bone and TMJ area are likely to mimic TMJ symptoms. We describe the clinical presentation, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment for this unusual tumor.The relevant literature on the subject is reviewed, and recommendations for appropriate diagnostic investigation applicable for tumors in this region is presented.Key words: Chondroblastoma, TMJ, Condylectomy.