Introduction: Maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) surgery is a reliable treatment for patients with atrophic posterior maxilla, which can be performed concurrently with or after implant installation. This study aimed to estimate the rate of sinus membrane perforation (SMP) during MSFA surgeries and examine various risk factors associated with SMP. The efficacy of perforation treatments was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases was conducted using the search terms: Implant AND Sinus AND Membrane AND Risk factor. Statistical analyses and graph creation were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 3. A total of 635 publications were screened, and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 1362 patients who underwent 1603 MSFA surgeries through the lateral window technique (LWT). Results: The prevalence of maxillary sinus membrane perforation among patients who had implants placed was 40.8% (Event: 0.331, 95% CI: 0.26-0.4). Implants placed near repaired perforated membranes demonstrated an average survival rate of 97.68%, whereas implants placed on intact sinus membranes had an average survival rate of 98.88%. Infection was identified as the primary complication associated with the repair of perforated sinus membranes.Conclusion: Despite the high incidence of sinus membrane perforation during MSFA surgeries, the survival rates of implants near repaired membranes are comparable to those placed on intact membranes. Appropriate antibiotic prescriptions can prevent infections, contributing to favorable surgical outcomes. Keywords: Maxillary sinus; Membrane rupture; Antibiotics; Survival rate.

Introduction: Cold Ceramic (CC) is designed to meet the ideal criteria for root filling materials, offering effective sealing, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, dimensional stability, insolubility in tissue fluids, radiopacity, and ease of handling. It sets in the presence of moisture, making it suitable for various endodontic applications such as root-end filling, root perforation repair, apical barriers in teeth with open apices, and pulp capping. This study aims to evaluate cold ceramic’s clinical outcomes and applications as presented in case reports. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify published case reports and case series on the clinical application of cold ceramics in endodontics from January 2000 to April 2024.  Databases searched included PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. The search terms used were “cold ceramic,” “bio ceramic,” “endodontics,” “case report,” “clinical outcomes,” and “dental materials”. Articles in English and Persian were included. Patient demographics, cold ceramic brand, clinical procedures, outcomes, follow-up periods, and any complications were extracted. Quality assessment of the included case reports was performed using the CARE guidelines.Results: After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 7 case reports and 2 case series met the inclusion criteria. The reviewed case reports included 16 patients (9 female and 7 male) with a mean age of 29.25±1.2. Clinical outcomes were generally favorable, with high success rates and minimal complications reported. Conclusion: All cases demonstrated radiographic and clinical healing and an absence of postoperative pain or infection during follow-up periods ranging from 3 months to 4 years. cold ceramics provide promising success rates and negligible complications in various clinical endodontic scenarios. Keywords: Apexification; Biocompatibility; Case report; Cold ceramic; Endodontics; Root canal; Root perforation; Sealing ability; Treatment.

Introduction: The Covid 19 illness is triggered by a coronavirus known as SARS CoV-2. This particular virus spreads rapidly likely because of the Spike proteins affinity, to the human ACE2 cell receptor causing harm to organs, like the lungs in type 2 pneumocytes that abundantly express this receptor. Materials and Methods: The research methodology used in this study involved a case control approach. Patients were referred by a specialist following diagnosis. A total of 50 samples, from infectious cases and 50 samples from cases, with mild symptoms were analyzed for statistical purposes. The ACE2 gene expression was assessed using the Realtime RCR method after RNA extraction. Results: The findings indicate that the average age does not have an impact on individuals experiencing mild symptoms. Moreover, there is a decrease in the expression of ACE2 genes in the blood of patients with severe symptoms hospitalized in intensive care units as compared to those, with mild symptoms, highlighting a substantial disparity. Conclusion: The numerical value of fold change for ACE2 gene in severe type patients shows a decrease compared to mild patients and it is 2.11 times lower in severe type patients than mild type.Keywords: COVID-19; ACE2; Realtime RCR.

Introduction: Cephalometric analysis is essential for assessing facial proportions and planning treatments in orthodontics. Different populations, like the Kurdish group, have unique facial features, requiring specific norms for accurate clinical practice. This study establishes these norms for the Kurdish population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 111 lateral cephalometric radiographs of Kurdish individuals aged 20-45 with balanced facial characteristics and class I occlusion. Radiographs were traced using digital tracing methods to measure total anterior facial height (TAFH), upper anterior facial height (UAFH), and lower anterior facial height (LAFH). The UAFH/TAFH and LAFH/TAFH ratios were also calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 29. Results: The study establishes cephalometric norms for the Kurdish population, highlighting significant sex differences in facial height measurements. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of facial morphology in the Kurdish population, with implications for improving orthodontic and orthognathic treatment outcomes. Conclusion: The study provides cephalometric norms for the Kurdish population, aiding in personalized orthodontic and orthognathic treatment planning. It also highlights significant sex differences, essential for achieving culturally appropriate aesthetic outcomes. Keywords: Anterior facial height; Cephalometric analysis; Facial morphology; Orthodontics; Orthognathic surgery.

Introduction: One of the most important and complex functions of saliva is its defensive role, which is mainly performed by immunoglobulins, especially secretory IgA. This study investigated the effect of orthodontic treatment on changes in the salivary levels of IgA.  Materials and Methods: Forty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were examined in two fixed and removable groups. Saliva collection was done in three stages: before orthodontic treatment and three and six months after orthodontic treatment. Salivary IgA level was measured using the ELISA method. First, the salivary samples were centrifuged, and then the amount of IgA in the upper part of the solution was determined using the ELISA method.  Results: In the fixed and removable orthodontic treatment groups, the amount of salivary IgA before treatment, three months after treatment, and six months after treatment, according to ANOVA, showed a significant difference in the mean of salivary IgA levels.  Conclusion: With the start of orthodontic treatment, one can witness an increase in the defense mechanisms of saliva, as evidenced by an increase in the amount of IgA, with differences between fixed and removable orthodontic treatments. Keywords: Orthodontic treatment; Saliva; IgA.

Introduction: Reactive lesions encompass a category of fibroepithelial lesions that are frequently observed in the oral mucosa. Due to the oral cavity’s significant exposure to trauma or frictional forces, the incidence of these reactive lesions is notably higher within this anatomical region. Despite resembling neoplastic proliferations clinically, proper knowledge about these lesions is crucial for accurate diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Clinical data of all the reactive lesions were collected retrospectively from the 5-year archives of the Oral Pathology Department, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam. A  comprehensive clinical and histopathological assessment was conducted for all Reactive lesions. The collected data comprised age, gender, dimensions, location, and histopathological diagnosis, systematically compared and organized into tabulated formats. Results: In our study, we found that (54%) were females, with a slight female prediction. The 1st most common reactive lesion observed in our study was fibroepithelial polyp (29.85%). The gingiva was the most affected site (38.8%), followed by the buccal mucosa (31.3%). Conclusion: Reactive lesions are more prevalent in the oral cavity. As they can mimic multiple conditions, the clinical assessment was aligned with the histopathological characteristics to facilitate precise diagnosis while also delving deeper into the etiological factors implicated. Oral reactive lesions like pyogenic granuloma with unknown etiological factors need to be justified to arrive at a proper diagnosis, as suggested by Daley et al.Keywords: Reactive lesions; Fibroma; Pyogenic granuloma; Peripheral giant cell granuloma.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma is a benign and reactive hyperplastic lesion originating from the periosteum and resulting from local stimulation or trauma. It is more aggressive due to its high growth potential and may involve the cortical plate. Diagnosis is based on histopathological findings. It occurs mostly in the lower jaw, but can also occur in the upper jaw. It often appears as a nodular purple mass on the gums or mucosa of the edentulous alveolar ridge. we report a case of maxillary peripheral giant cell granuloma with bone resorption in a 46-year-old male patient, who was treated with an excisional biopsy.Keywords: Peripheral giant cell; Reactive; Jaw.  

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare, histologically heterogeneous malignant tumors. Head and neck localization accounts for 10% of cases, with a poor prognosis in the presence of infiltration of the skull bones or endocranial extension. Management remains essentially surgical plus or minus radiotherapy. We report the case of a young patient admitted for management of a large-volume atypical scalp sarcoma with infiltration of the occipital bone, necessitating surgical resection with cranioplasty. Keywords: Sarcoma; Scalp; Cranioplasty.

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the salivary glands. Its gender tendency is in females and mostly in the age of 20-45 years. mixed tumor has a firm consistency and no bone involvement. The mocusal memberan on it is healthy and has a normal color. It grows slowly and expands slowly.The parotid region, as the major salivary gland and the minor salivary gland, especially the palatal is the main site of this lesion. Cases of malignant changes have been found in it and it can turn into carcinoma. The patient is an 11-year-old girl without any underlying disease who referred to the outpatient clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery in Bahonar Kerman Hospital in Iran. The patient complained of a swelling in the left plat region, which he said had started about three months ago and was getting bigger. In examining the consistency of the lesion, it was firm and its color was pink like the mucosa of the normal palate. The uniformity of the mucosa was preserved on it. The dimensions of the lesion were about 3 x 2.5 square centimeters. The patient did not express pain or discomfort. First, a panoramic radiograph (OPG) was prepared. And then CBCT images were prepared with one millimeter slices. In the examination of the lesion, expansion is seen along with specific limits of the borders. The lesion did not destroy the palatine bone and did not invade the maxillary sinus. No pus drainage, inflammation, or redness was evident in the examination, and tenderness was not reported by the patient.then she refered to the endodontics part for examination of vitality tests. All of the teeth were vital. After performing diagnostic work, the patient was prepared for biopsy and enucleation and curettage of the lesion. After explaining to the patient and his parents and obtaining informed consent for the treatment and surgery. At first aspiration was done and the result was negative, then a sulcular incision was made from the area of the 4th upper right tooth to the 7th upper left mesial. After dissection, the mass was completely removed and enucleated. The mucosa of the floor of the nose remained healthy, and the area was completely curettage with a curet while maintaining the health of the nasal mucosa. Soft tissue sutured with 0-4 vicryl. Then, she underwent periodical follow-ups and the sample was sent for pathology examination. And the answer was diagnosed by seeing epithelial and myoepithelial cells in a chondromyxoid field with a capsule with well defined border, Pleomorphic Adenoma. Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the upper respiratory-digestive system and their number is between 450-1000 and more in the oral cavity [13]. In a study conducted by Tselcos and his colleagues in 2022, the most common pleomorphic site of oral adenoma was diagnosed in the palatal region [14]. There is a difference of opinion in the treatment of pleomorphic adenoma of the palate. Some believe that enucleation with preservation of the upper mucus and some suggest extensive excision. Due to the nature of the capsule, which of course is thick in some patients and thin in some patients and attached to the palatal mucosa or absent [1], wide excision with a safe margin of 1cm is suggested by most surgeons. excision and shaving of the palatal bone in the form of a ostectomy was not needed to reduce the recurrence of the lesion, because the nature of the tumor is not an osteoblast stimulator for bone formation. Keywords: Pleomorphic adenoma; Palatal area; Enuclation.